Racism Is Still A Heavy Issue Of The High College...

Activist Jeff Chang emphasizes â€Å"Students can only build power insofar as they band together- and then they can still be ignored (as they have been for years). Administrative neglect of racism defines power†. The quote explains how that when students are at war, there is no reliable source of help to assist them to conquer. Throughout America racism is still a heavy issue that is becoming a part of the average college experience across the United States. In recent events, similar to ones that happened in the Civil Rights Era, students of color fear their lives and are concerned for their safety, while trying to do what they are able, to make their campuses â€Å"equality friendly†. Situations where there were public displays of racism and†¦show more content†¦The racism affecting colleges became a bone of contention in the school system during the Racial Integration in the United States. During this time period black Americans may have received most of the attention when it came to their equal rights, but it was not limited to them alone but also included Asians, American Indians, Latinos and other minority groups. With the racial integration, came along the integration of schools, allowing minority races to attend the same educational facility as European racial groups and whites. The problem is though with this change in history, even today students continuously feel uneasy about their school settings because of racial tension created by acts of discrimination and neglect from superior authorities. From this type of neglect is where Racism related stress is introduced. Students of color are most likely to face racism related stress at Predominately White Institutes than anywhere else Racism related stress is exactly as the name states, stress caused by experiencing racism. Racialism in colleges is mostly reported to happen on Predominately White Institutes campuses. In Racial Tensions High On College Campus After Students Mock Black History Month. By Tell Me More, a â€Å"Compton Cookout† was thrown by a white frat-house in honor of Black History Month and attendees were encouraged to dress and speak in a way that

The Death Penalty And Capital Punishment Essay - 2417 Words

The most severe punishment for all crimes is being sentenced to death. Capital punishment has been the center of controversy for many years and will be a continuously debated issue here in the United States. Also referred to as the death penalty, capital punishment is the lawful infliction of death as punishment for a crime and has been used even in ancient times for a various array of offenses. Back in ancient times, executions were something done publicly in hopes that it would serve as a warning. Even long after elimination of the more gruesome forms of capital punishment, controversy still surrounded the possible value that the death penalty could hold as a deterrent. Arguments of the death penalty concerns issues of deterrent factors, excessive cruelty, and equability. Crimes for which the death penalty are assigned have varied over centuries but ones as heinous as treason, murder, and rape are the ones most commonly seen to have that outcome. The methods by which the punishment has been carried out has also changed over time and ranged from hangings, boiled in oil, beheaded electrocuted and now to being injected with drugs and implementing the use of an electric chair. Oftentimes the general sense of cruelty that the death sentence imposes leaves on to wonder, is capital punishment really a deterrent or if the state is acting upon the human desire to seek retribution? In the article written by Ward, light is shed on the continual debate of the death penalty beingShow MoreRelatedCapital Punishment : The Death Penalty1482 Words   |  6 PagesMrs. McElmoyl 12/12/14 Capital Punishment As stated by former governor of New York, Mario M. Cuomo, Always I have concluded the death penalty is wrong because it lowers us all; it is a surrender to the worst that is in us; it uses a power- the official power to kill by execution- that has never brought back a life, need inspired anything but hate. (Cuomo 1) This is one of the main arguments against capital punishment (also known as the death sentence.) Capital punishment is the ability for a governmentRead MoreCapital Punishment : The Death Penalty1410 Words   |  6 PagesCapital Punishment in America In 1976 the Supreme Court of the United States of America ruled the Death Penalty constitutionally permissible. The debate over capital punishment has always been a topic of great controversy. Before the Supreme Court ruling in 1976 America had been practicing capital punishment for centuries. At the current time some states enforce the death penalty, while some do not. There are differences of opinion’s relating to whether or not the death penalty is the proper wayRead MoreCapital Punishment And The Death Penalty1017 Words   |  5 PagesName: Lucas Falley Topic: Capital Punishment Background: Capital punishment, or the death penalty, has existed for thousands of years. For as long as there has been organized society, the death penalty has existed in numerous cultures and civilizations. Throughout the years the methods have changed, but the use of capital punishment is becoming a pressing matter. Amnesty International reports that there are 140 countries worldwide that have abolished the death penalty, while over 50 countries stillRead MoreThe Death Penalty Of Capital Punishment1480 Words   |  6 Pagesjustice system, such as the death penalty. Capital punishment has been used many times in history all around the world, and it was quite popular. Many people argue that capital punishment is useful in deterring crime and that it is only fair that criminals receive death as punishment for a heinous crime. On the contrary, others see the death penalty as a violation of the 8th amendment. It restricts excessive fines, and it also does not allow cruel and unusual punishment t o be inflicted upon criminalsRead MoreThe Death Penalty And Capital Punishment931 Words   |  4 Pageswritten down (Robert). The death penalty was applied for a particularly wide range of crimes. The Romans also used death penalty for a wide range of offenses. Historically, the death sentence was often handled with torture, and executions, except that it was done in public. In this century, the death penalty, execution or capital punishment, whatever you’d like to refer it as, is the result for committing capital crimes or capital offences and it is not in public. The death penalty has been practiced byRead MoreCapital Punishment And The Death Penalty991 Words   |  4 PagesCapital Punishment Imagine your having a normal morning, eating breakfast doing your normal routine. Suddenly your phone rings and when you answer you hear the worst news possible. One of your family members has just been murdered in cold blood. You cry, mourn, then become angry. You attend the court hearing and you sit less than 20 feet away from the murderer. Do you truly believe this person deserves to live? Or should they face a punishment that is equal to their crime? Some may say CapitalRead MoreThe Death Penalty And Capital Punishment1569 Words   |  7 Pagesthe death penalty also referred to as capital punishment. The death penalty is both useless and harmful to not only criminals but also their potential victims. This paper uses these horrific facts to try and convince the reader that the death penalty should be done away with before it is too late, although that time may have already come. With supporting evidence to support my cause, I hope that the following information sways at least one reader to see the harm of keeping the death penalty an activeRead MoreCapital Punishment And The Death Penalty1235 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is capital punishment? Why do people support it, but yet people cherish lives? Is it a moral thing to do? Should one be for or against the Death Penalty? Let’s take a look deep into the world of justices and why capital punishment still exists in today’s society. Capital punishment or the death penalty is a feder al punishment given to criminals who are convicted of murders. It is the highest law punishment available that can prevent future murders by developing fear within them. Capital punishmentRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is A Capital Punishment1271 Words   |  6 Pages What is the death penalty? The death penalty is a capital punishment that is punishable by death or execution. This is usually given to people that have committed serious offences or capital crimes. There are 31 states in the United States that are for the death penalty. Crimes that are punishable by the death penalty, vary from state to state. Examples of such crimes are; first degree murder or premeditated murder, murder with special circumstances, such as: intended, multiple, and murder whichRead MoreCapital Punishment And The Death Penalty1539 Words   |  7 PagesCapital punishment, otherwise known as the death penalty, has been the center of debate for a long time. Capital punishment may be defined as the â€Å" [e]xecution of an offender sentenced to death after conviction by a court of law of a criminal offense† (Capital Punishment). Up until 1846, when Michigan became the first to abolish the death sentence, all states allowed legal practice of capital punishment by the government (States). Currently, there 32 states still supporting the death penalty and 18

The Psychology Of Fashion Fashion Essay Free Essays

Over the 2nd half of the last century, the organic structure has emerged as an object cardinal to our behaviour and to our thrust for intending. Therefore, manner, being in close contact to our organic structures, has started to have the attending of public, creative persons, and intellectuals. Psychology of manner look It is a common expression, that persons play the functions associated with their individualism and rank in society. We will write a custom essay sample on The Psychology Of Fashion Fashion Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now One ever has the want to hold a occupation in a big company ; such companies are normally image-controlled. Companies want their employees to hold proper visual aspect to look successful. Conservative vesture is still the most recognized successful expression for an person. Not merely that, but companies want persons besides to reflect the position and professional public presentation of the company foremost by the feeling left by the manner their employers frock. Those who are non playing functions associated with their places in society appear as odd and non trusted this shows in being careful of what we do or state in their presence. Using this to a client employee interaction, the client response should so be negative, and the impact of such negative response heightens and reaches higher administrative degrees. Looking for a occupation is hard particularly if the purpose is high, the manner one manages his or her visual aspect may be an of import key in giving a good first feeling. The importance may mount to it may non count what cognition, attack or personality if one gets a incorrect first feeling. The reply to the inquiry why employers encourage the image-control plans now becomes clearly comprehensible. The usual society ‘s expression for adult females is that they appear quiet. Nevertheless, adult females began to take on stronger and more important expression likely since society approved for them to have on pants. This reworked transcript is still developing ; and adult females now are taking on non to have on make-up, titling hair, and have oning what has ever been a work forces ‘s wear characteristic such as neckties. It is true that a necktie gives reflects answerability, dependability, shrewdness, and position, therefore, a scarf may non be adequate neckwear for adult females. These organic structure fond regards are non merely a signifier of stylish vesture, but used besides to demo the singularity of an person. When a occupation demand is divergent communicating with clients as in gross revenues or public dealingss, of import qualities for choice are good wellness and good- looking, every bit good as cognition and acquaintance with the merchandise or house. However, non all directors appreciate these positions ; alternatively, they worry possibly excessively much about the manner mentalities, which can be a penchant for choice. Psychological theories related to Fashion The bases of depth psychology theory as explained by Sigmund Freud are four rules: Organization of personality. Psychosexual stages of development. Natural psychological activity. Psychoanalytical method of psychotherapeutics. Many psychologists applied Freud ‘s psychoanalytic theory to the survey of manner: Theory of switching attractive zones Manner historiographer, James Laver the art historiographer ( 1899-1975 ) theorized the attractive force or seduction rule is what governs adult females manners. For that, the chief thrust behind alterations in adult females manners was the wish to pull the opposite gender. On the other manus, what governs alterations in work forces ‘s manners is the hierarchy ( picking order or ladder ) rule significance that stylish adult male ‘s manner highlights the socioeconomic position more than anything else does. Harmonizing to Laver, female ‘s frock, attracts males by discriminatively covering and concealing certain parts of the female anatomy. Therefore, different manners are based on switching attractive zones. Manner helps to maintain involvement in the organic structure by constructing what can be called attractive capital that is covering up parts for longtime plenty to construct up a sense of delectation when seeing them once more. Sexual symbolism of vesture Alison Lurie the American novelist ( born in 1926 ) applied the psychoanalytic theory in her description of what one ‘s pocketbook communicates. Gender attractive force is non all a pocketbook communicates. Its contents represent the contents of head, or act as a portable individuality hint. At the same clip, nevertheless, the bag suggests magnet information in the eyes of the perceiver. A tightly closed, fastened, and folded bag points to a adult female who protects her privacy ( physical and emotional ) . An open-topped to a great extent loaded bag, points to an unfastened, swearing personality, which may name for attack. A pocketbook that has many compartments, points to a methodical organized head or a adult female who engages in many activities in life. A one-compartment pocketbook, on the other manus, points to the opposite particularly if disorganized and mixed up. The executive adult female who carries a pocketbook and a brief instance together may hold two opposing inc onsistent features. Lurie, in her book, besides discusses the imagination associated with work forces ‘s wear ( umbrellas, chapeaus, ties, and walking sticks ) . Manner is a manner of self-expression. It allows people to reassign feelings and ideas without stating a word, and if I may cite from Thomas Carlyle ( the Scottish philosopher and author 1759-1881 ) ; â€Å"Society is founded on fashion†¦ If the cut of the costume signals intellect and endowment, so the colour suggests temper and heart† . How to cite The Psychology Of Fashion Fashion Essay, Essay examples

Optimal Taxation And Human Capital Policies -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Optimal Taxation And Human Capital Policies? Answer: Introducation The present case deals with a company that is carrying out the business of offering building supplies at a discounted price to house and land developers by the name Carter Pty. Ltd. The company has been doing the same business since its inception in 2012. In the year 2016 the company with the intention of building a high rise development purchased 3 adjacent blocks of land worth $300000 each. But, against the plans of the company the Victorian Civil and Administrative Tribunal refused to grant the permission for the plan as it considered the project to be a hindrance to the neighbours quiet enjoyment of their homes. After consulting with its lawyer the company hired a designer to build the homes in a unique and community appropriate way. After the construction all the three homes were sold for $1 million each[1]. The issue that are presented by this case is that whether the profit on sale of homes can be considered as an ordinary income or not. This issue has arisen due to the fact t hat the company has ventured in some type of income which is not the primary revenue generating operation as the company has never bought any piece of land neither engaged in the operations of construction of buildings. Ruling: The ruling regarding the ordinary income of the business is laid down in section 6-5(1) ITAA 97. As per the provision of the act, it is an income according to ordinary concepts. General principle is that these kinds of income are of such nature that everyone will consider them to be income[2]. In order to derive the nature of income in the present case an attempt is made to look into the positive as well as negative indicators and then look for them in respect of the present situation or case. The negative indicators or propositions of income (the items which do not come under the purview of income as per ordinary concepts): Amount that are not convertible in terms of money are not considered ordinary income. The proposition means that the amount received as consideration must be in monetary terms or can be converted in money[3]. The income which is of the nature of capital receipts does not form part of the ordinary income. All the gifts which are received outside the ambit of employment, services or business do not come under ordinary income. All the proceeds of lottery, gambling or windfall gains fall outside the purview of ordinary income. All the receipts in form of mutual receipts are not ordinary income.. Positive indicators of income: The income must have features like recurrence, regularity and periodicity. In order to be considered as an income the amount must have earned beneficially. The income at all times needs to be judged by its character in the hands of the recipient[4]. The amount that has been derived during employment or by provision of service is considered as ordinary income. The amounts received from property are ordinary income The amount received in the course of carrying out a business is an income. The amounts received as compensation for some income foregone are considered income themselves. In addition to judging the nature of the receipts, an analysis must also be made whether the activities undertaken by the company can be considered as a business or not. The important features which constitute a business are as follows: Profit motive: The primary objective of carrying out any venture or activity is to get some positive result out of it[5]. In case of a business the main objective should be to earn profits. Merely the presence of hope is insufficient. (Brajkovich v FCT89 ATC 5227) Repetition and regularity: It is necessary that the business establishes its existence based upon sustained and regular activity. It must endeavour to carry out the same operations to sustain itself. (London Australia Investment Co Ltd v FCT 1977 138 CLR 106). System and organisation: In order to conduct any business there must be an established system and organisation[6]. It enables the entity to conduct the operations systematically and regularly. (Hyde v Sullivan 199 ,Ferguson v FC of T) Size and scale of activities: The smaller the scale of operation of the entity, the lesser is the chance of it being considered as an established business. (FCT v Walker 85 ATC 4179) The larger the scale of operation of the entity, the more will be its chance to be considered as a business[7]. (FCT v Beach P/L 1982) If there are other indicators present then simply due to the limited size of their activities the taxpayers wont be precluded from being classified as a business. (Thomas v FCT 1972) Isolated activities for the purpose of profit making might also constitute a business.(FCT v St. Hubert Island P/L 1978) Application: In order to present a reliable and accurate explanation in respect of the tax implication of the profit on sale of three properties for Carter Pty. Ltd. The analysis is conducted by dividing it into four parts a) issues governing the case b) rulings that are applicable in the case c) application of the rules in respect of the case d) conclusion of the case. Firstly, in the issues portion a discussion has been made in order to establish the various issues that the present case is presenting. This includes the categorisation of the assets sold the treatment of income that is received etc. Secondly, the ruling that has to be used or given out by the statute will be discussed. Thereafter the application of the relevant rules in the context of the case or issues presented will be laid down and finally a conclusion will be drawn of the bass of the application of the relevant rules. In pursuance of applying the relevant rules in respect of the given case the negative and positive indicators of the income will be matched with the facts of the current case and it will ascertained whether the situation is fulfilling the criteria or not. The amount is received in cash hence it is in monetary terms The amount is not received a gift hence the question of employability doesnt arise The amount has not been received as a windfall gain or gambling. The amount is not in the nature of mutual receipts. Hence, the amount is not falling within the negative propositions. That means if it is able to fulfil any positive indicator or proposition, it will be regarded as an ordinary income. The amount received that has been received as profit on sale of homes doesnt possess the characteristic of recurrence, regularity or periodicity as the company has not engaged in the purchase of land and construction of business prior to this. The amount also neither arose out of provision of service or employment nor from property or as a compensation for foregoing any profit[8]. But, in order to establish whether the amount arose out of business or not we need to figure whether the activities conducted by the company constitute a business or not[9]. The activities carried out by the company are not regular or repetitive but at the same time the company did conduct the activities for the purpose of earning profit and also as per the rules an isolated activity with the intention of profit can constitute a business. From the activities of the company it is clear that the company was not in the business of procurement of land and construction of building for the purpose of selling them at a profit because it was specifically mentioned that it is the first time the company has engaged in such an activity. The company also did not have the required system and organisation for the purpose of carrying out such operation regularly and efficiently. It is evident from the fact that on the first occasion it was unable to get a certification for the construction of the buildings. This indicates that the activity of purchasing land and construction of building is an isolated activity of the company. But, a due consideration has to be given to the fact that the sole purpose of the company was to earn profit hence; the isolated activity will also constitute a business. As the activity of the company has proved to be a business the profit on sale of the homes will be considered as an income which has generate d from the conduct of the business. Thus, the purchase of 3 blocks of adjacent lands and construction of homes for the purpose of selling them at a profit will be considered as a business and the profit that the company earned from the sale of the buildings will constitute income from business. Since, income earned from conduct of business comes within the definition of ordinary income as laid down in section 6-5(1) the profit earned by the company will be treated as anIssue: The owner of the Carter Pty Ltd. purchased 3 adjacent blocks for $300,000 each on July 2016 in order to build a high-rise development. However, in 2016 December, VCAT refused to give the necessary permission for planning. As a result of this, these properties were sold by Carter after building 3 unique community appropriate homes at $1million for each property[10]. Now the primary objective of this report is to determine that whether this aforesaid profit will be considered as taxable for Carter or not. Moreover, it was observed from the case study that the Lawyer, Joe Dodgy advised them that this profit will not be subject to any tax. When any asset of capital nature offers the owner with a higher price than what was used to acquire or purchase the asset is called capital gain. In case of any capital gain, the owner of such profit is subject to pay tax based on the amount of profits. However, there are few exemptions in capital gain as well[11]. The tax payable on any profits or gains realised from properties, which is not related to any business, is known as Capital Gain Tax or CGT. In other words, it can be said that the primary objective of CGT is to charge tax from all those profits and gains that are made out of assets disposal[12]. Essentially, it is mentioned under section 102-20 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 (ITAA 1997) that there will be no capital loss or gain until and unless there is any CGT event. The primary elements of CGT provisions are listed below: According to section 102-5(1) of the ITAA 1997, the net capital gains or losses are considered as assessable income; As per sec 102-20 of ITAA 1997, any capital gain or loss is subject to a CGT event only; According to Div. 104, for each event or transaction, the net gain or loss is required to be determined[13]; There exist various provisions regarding the concession and exemptions of capital gains. The appropriate definition of a CGT Asset can be found under section 108-5 which states that any property or any right of legal or equitable in nature which is not a property can be termed as an CGT Asset[14]. Under this section, the ordinary meaning of property consists of any items of tangible or intangible property and do not include any personal knowledge, know-how or non-property rights. As it can be observed from the case study that Carter decided to build a unique community based buildings with the three pieces of land that costs $300,000 each. Moreover, he also spent $30,000 as legal expenses and $10,000 for advertising purposes. After completion of the entire project, he sold each building at $1m and earned huge profit. Now as it is known that the assets that are sold by Carter can be termed as capital assets as these are properties. It also satisfies the definition of a capital gain tax asset as mentioned u/s 108-5 of the ITAA 1997[15]. It was also found that primarily, Carter Pty Ltd was a business that dealt in supplying building material at a discounted rate and it is also clearly mention that under no circumstances, Carter Pty Ltd previously dealt in exchange/ purchase of land or engaged in construction of buildings[16]. This proves that this sale of building cannot be considered as any business activities. Hence, this satisfies the provisions for capital ga in tax that states that the gain must arise out of any capital asset and it must not be used for business purposes. Thus, the profit earned by Carter on selling 3 buildings at $1m will be subject to Capital Gain Tax and therefore Carter needs to pay tax for the profit which he earned. Conclusion: In order to conclude it can be said that the sale of the building not being related to the business by any means and at the same time being a capital asset, thus the amount of profit earned by Carter will be held taxable at the hands of him. In continuation of the above case, it was found Carter being happy with the building endeavour gifted his business partner Julie an antique dining table in way of a bonus for their home whose original cost was $20,000. Now the primary objective of this question is that whether or not the antique table will be taxable at the hands of Julie[17]. As per section 108-5 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 CGT Assets, the assets are divided into several categories or classes for the purpose of Capital Gain Tax (CGT). These are as follows: Collectibles; Assets for personal use; Other Assets. The above-mentioned items will be subject to payment of capital gain tax. Furthermore, the definition of collectables is set out under section 108-B of the ITAA 1997 that states that a collectable can be considered as any one of the following: Any artwork or a piece of jewellery, any item that is antique, a medallion or a coin; Any book or manuscript or a folio which is very rare; Any postage stamp or a first day cover which are utilised for the sole purpose of anyones personal satisfaction or enjoyment[18]. This section also states that there are certain exemption or provision regarding collectable and other personal use assets as well. Such exemptions are stated below: As per section 108-10(1), it is required that any capital losses which are apprehended on collectable can be utilised to decrease capital gains from collectables only; Losses on collectable can be carried forward to the next financial year which cannot be used on collectables only in that particular year of realisation. It is mentioned under section 118-10 that any collectable item that cost less than $500 will be exempt from CGT[19]. As it can be understood from the case study that Carter presented an antique dining table to Julie for their personal use. According to the act, the antique dining table gifted as a bonus by Carter will be considered as a collectable for personal use at the hands of Julie. Second, the original cost of the antique table is $20,000[20]. Therefore, this satisfies the provisions of CGT assets for a collectable to be taxable under the act. Firstly, it is considered as a collectable u/s 108-B of ITAA 1997 and secondly it is not exempted from tax as it cost much higher than the exempted limit which is $500. Therefore, in order to conclude the case it can be mentioned that the antique table will be taxable at the hands of Julie being a collectable above the exempted limit. Reference Bateman, Hazel, Rafal Chomik, and John Piggott. "Retirement income." InAgeing in Australia, pp. 149-172. Springer, New York, NY, 2017. Boadway, Robin, and Jean-Franois Tremblay. "Modernizing Business Taxation." (2016). Burns, Lee, Honor Le Leuch, and E. Sunley. "7 Taxing gains on transfer of interest."International Taxation and the Extractive Industries: Resources Without Borders132 (2016): 160. Dixon, J. M., and Jason Nassios.Modelling the impacts of a cut to company tax in Australia. Centre for Policy Studies, Victoria University, 2016. Evans, Chris, and Richard Krever. "Taxing Capital Gains: A Comparative Analysis and Lessons for New Zealand." (2017). Evans, Chris, John Minas, and Youngdeok Lim. "Taxing personal capital gains in Australia: an alternative way forward."Austl. Tax F.30 (2015): 735. Faccio, Mara, and Jin Xu. "Taxes and capital structure."Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis50, no. 3 (2015): 277-300. Gary, Robert F., Jared A. Moore, Craig A. Sisneros, and William D. Terando. "The impact of tax rate changes on intercorporate investment."Advances in Accounting34 (2016): 55-63. Gitman, Lawrence J., Michael D. Joehnk, Scott Smart, and Roger H. Juchau.Fundamentals of investing. Pearson Higher Education AU, 2015. Gutman, Harry L. "The Saga of Unfulfilled Business Income Tax Reform."Temp. L. Rev.89 (2016): 267. Kenny, Paul, Michael Blissenden, and Sylvia Villios.Australian Tax 2015. 2015. Li, Oliver Zhen, Yupeng Lin, and John R. Robinson. "The effect of capital gains taxes on the initial pricing and underpricing of IPOs."Journal of Accounting and Economics61, no. 2-3 (2016): 465-485. Parry, Ian. "Carbon Tax Burdens on Low-Income Households: A Reason for Delaying Climate Policy?." (2015). Petutschnig, Matthias. "Future orientation and taxes: Evidence from big data."Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation29 (2017): 14-31. Prince, Jimmy B.Tax for Australians for Dummies. John Wiley Sons, 2016. Saez, Emmanuel. "Income Concentration and Top Income Tax Rates." InPresentation at the Tax Policy Center USC Conference: Growing Income Inequality: Is Tax Policy the Cause, the Cure or or Irrelevant. 2014. Sharkey, Nolan. "Coming to Australia: Cross border and Australian income tax complexities with a focus on dual residence and DTAs and those from China, Singapore and Hong Kong-Part 1."Brief42, no. 10 (2015): 10. Stantcheva, Stefanie. "Optimal taxation and human capital policies over the life cycle."Journal of Political Economy125, no. 6 (2017): 1931-1990. Tao, Yong, Xiangjun Wu, Tao Zhou, Weibo Yan, Yanyuxiang Huang, Han Yu, Benedict Mondal, and Victor M. Yakovenko. "Universal Exponential Structure of Income Inequality: Evidence from 60 Countries."arXiv preprint arXiv:1612.01624(2016). Yates, Judith. "Why does Australia have an affordable housing problem and what can be done about it?."Australian Economic Review49, no. 3 (2016): 328-339.

Protestantism Essays - Anti-Protestantism, Anti-Catholicism

Protestantism Throughout the Middle Ages, the Catholic Church continued to assert its primacy of position. The growth of the papacy had paralleled the growth of the church, but by the end of the Middle Ages challenges to papal authority from the rising power of monarchical states had resulted in a loss of papal temporal authority. An even greater threat to papal authority and church unity arose in the sixteenth century when the unity of medieval European Christendom was irretrievably shattered by the Reformation. Martin Luther was the catalyst that precipitated the new movement. His personal struggle for religious certainty led him, against his will, to question the medieval system of salvation and the very authority of the church. His chief opposition was Holy Roman Emperor Charles V who, due to multiple circumstances, was unable to impede Luther's movement. He opposed the Catholic doctrine of faith and good works for salvation, instead proposing a doctrine of salvation through faith. His publishing of the Ninety-Five Theses, which covered the abuse of indulgences, is often seen as the beginning of the Reformation movement. However, the movement was not only confined to Luther's Germany. Native reform movements in Switzerland found leadership in Ulrich Zwingli, who eventually sought an alliance with Luther and the German reformers, and especially in John Calvin, whose Institutes of the Christian Religion became the most influential summary of the new theology. On most important doctrines, Calvin was in agreement with Luther. Calvin differed from Luther in his belief in the concept of predestination, derived from his belief in God's supreme authority. This concept became the central focus of succeeding generations of Calvinists. One of the more radical Reformation groups, the Anabaptists, set themselves against other Protestants as well as against Rome, rejecting such long-established practices as infant baptism and sometimes even such dogmas as the Trinity and denouncing the alliance of church and state. They believed in nonviolence and strict separation of church and state, equality, and voluntary congregations. England during the Reformation was one of continuous change. The English Reformation, provoked by the marital troubles of Henry VIII, reflected the influence of the Lutheran and then of the Calvinistic reforms, but went its own "middle way," retaining both Catholic and Protestant elements. Following Henry's reign, Edward VI moved the Church of England toward Protestantism, followed immediately by a reversion to Catholicism by Mary I. Elizabeth then reverted to Protestantism, and tried to merge Catholicism and Protestantism into the Anglican church. The Protestant Reformation did not exhaust the spirit of reform within the Roman Catholic church. In response both to the Protestant challenge and to its own needs, the church summoned the Council of Trent, which would not compromise with the Protestants by reaffirming traditional teachings, making both faith and good works necessary for salvation. They reestablished the sacraments, relics, clerical celibacy, and the practice of indulgences. Responsibility for carrying out the actions of the council fell in considerable measure on the Society of Jesus, which was grounded on the principles of absolute obedience to the papacy and to militarily protect the word of God. The chronological coincidence of the discovery of the New World and the Reformation was seen as a providential opportunity to evangelize those who had never heard the gospel. Trent on the Roman Catholic side and the several confessions of faith on the Protestant side had the effect of making the divisions permanent. In one respect the divisions were not permanent, for new divisions continued to appear. Historically, the most noteworthy of these were probably the ones that arose in the Church of England. The Puritans objected to the "remnants of popery" in the liturgical and institutional life of Anglicanism and pressed for a further reformation. Because of the Anglican union of throne and altar, this agitation had direct political consequences, climaxing in the English Revolution and the execution of King Charles I in 1649. Just as many other denominations that would form such as the Quakers and Nonconformists, Puritanism found its most complete expression, both politically and theologically, in North America, where denominations could find some sanctuary from the persecution of the homeland.

Eddie and Patsy Essays

Eddie and Patsy Essays Eddie and Patsy Essay Eddie and Patsy Essay Rowe identifies the unruly woman by a physical presence which is both excessive and loose (she specifically focuses on Roseanne as the archetypal unruly woman), excess may also be represented through the behaviour, uniform and attitudes of the female characters. In this way, Feuer is able to develop the definition of the unruly woman as any character exceeding the norms of femininity at the time the character was popular. The icon of the unruly woman has been interpreted by some academics as providing a space in which female transgression can be witnessed and celebrated, even while they seem to be part of larger social forces, which should contain them, such as marriage and family. Absolutely Fabulous clearly generates comedy from the excesses of its protagonists, and particularly by implying their distance from the values which they should display as woman or mother. In an episode from series 4, Small Opening, the programme opens with a tracking shot across an opulent living room set, characterised by its extravagant furniture and objets dart. Eddie and Patsy are in the living room, attempting to tidy up. However, this is not a scene of domesticity, since the mess in question is a huge pile of various narcotics. Various empty bottles of Bollinger champagne also litter the set, adding a final touch to the hedonistic atmosphere. As with many sitcoms, this particular space is strongly associated with the protagonists, signifying the conspicuous affluence, adherence to fashion and the uninhibited lifestyle that Eddie and Patsy have chosen to lead. However, Eddies house is not entirely her own. The kitchen, for instance, is clearly demarcated as Saffys space. Tucked away below the rest of the house, Saffy and her grandmother are most often shown around the kitchen table, which is probably the most traditional piece of furniture in the house. Eddie and Patsy only venture into this room when necessity demands, and both are shown to be uneasy here. In most episodes, it is a place for confusion and conflict. In Small Opening, Eddie (stoned and paranoid) attacks her mobile phone on the kitchen table, mistaking its ringtone for the drone of a giant bee. Later, she verbally assaults her former husbands as they gather in the kitchen, prior to the opening night of Saffys autobiographical play: I can tell you a few things about him. Being married to him was like being married to an antique shop full of crap and always closed. Old wood, arent you? Eddies antipathy towards the kitchen, the domestic space most closely associated with traditional notions of femininity, is typical of the way in which the programme constructs the character in opposition to familiar ideas about women and their roles. The notion of motherhood is parodied in almost every episode of the show, as Eddies neglect of Saffy is revealed in monstrous proportions. In this episode, a flashback sequence shows Eddie and Patsy taking a young Saffy to the park during the 1980s. Dressed in an exaggerated version of a New Romantic costume and played out to the soundtrack of Prince Charming by Adam and the Ants, Eddie and Patsy are fascinated by this unfamiliar environment. Ignoring Saffy, they take over the childrens play area. However, their lack of experience is telling; Patsy is knocked out by a flying swing, despite being warned by Saffy that it comes back again. After the flashback, Eddie confronts her daughter about the play that she has written, but her fears are not based, as we might expect, upon filial betrayal: Saffy darling. Will you answer Mummy one question? How fat is the woman playing me? Given that Eddies relationships to her daughter and to her home are turned upon their heads for comedy, it is not surprising that Absolutely Fabulous plays a similar trick with the role of men within the narrative. Neither of the protagonists are shown to be dependent upon men or emotional relationships for their well-being. Unlike more conventional domestic comedies, there is no straight man used as a foil for the female characters eccentricities, nor to sort out the situations in which they find themselves. In fact, the environment is often constructed as hostile to male presence. When ex-husband Marshall arrives, his entrance into the house is choreographed like a scene from a spaghetti western. His trepidation is shown to be well founded, as we cut to a low angle shot of Eddie and Patsy looking down from the landing, smoking cigarillos, accompanied by a Morriconesque soundtrack. In many ways, the most obvious source of conventional masculine values within the text is Patsy. Her excessive appetites for alcohol, drugs and sexual satisfaction suggests a similar outlook to the protagonists of/Wen Behaving Badly and her maleness is further heightened by the jealous way she guards her relationship with Eddie. The programme is able to play on this idea of Patsys masculinity in order to confuse the conventional representations of gender further. Eddies mother often treats Patsy asthe man of the house: Patsy, there you are dear. I need a strong pair of arms. Ive got a wardrobe stuck on the stairs. Furthermore, Patsys look (bouffant hair, exaggerated makeup, extravagant designer costumes) and the way she is lit strongly suggests another archetype of mixed gender qualities the drag queen. Small Opening acknowledges the significance of this construction as we watch the play within the text. In Saffys production, Patsy is played by a man. Patsy doesnt realise this but is delighted with herdoppelganger: Her tits are bigger than mine, Eddie, but otherwise shes fantastic At the end of the episode the truth is revealed when the cast of the play are invited to lunch. Patsy is not, however, thrown by the revelation: Never mind. Cheers mate. Patsys (and the programmes) acceptance of her gender ambivalence is indicative of the texts refusal to punish the characters for their unconventionality or to force them to return to more normal modes of behaviour at the closure of each episode. Feuer indicates the radical potential of this kind of strategy in offering a critique of femininity: In this reading farce and ideological subversion count for a lot; the exaggerated excess of the characters make them radical. The fan culture that formed around AbFab would seem to indicate that many viewers identified with the bad mothers and therefore against the proper but dull daughter The privileging of this kind of reading is even more pronounced in later series of the show, where Saffy increasingly becomes an unattractive, insular character, almost justifying her mothers treatment. However, it is worth considering to what degree the shows form contributes to the sanctioning of this value system. The heightened style, involving elements of farce and other obviously theatrical moments, distances us sufficiently from the text so that we can laugh at, rather than be shocked by, the excesses on show. Whether similar narratives would work in the more gritty, realist style of shows such as Roseanne is debatable.

Quality and Reliability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Quality and Reliability - Essay Example It is through expression that employees give expression to their commitment to work, level of motivation and their attitudes. Therefore, both officials while expressing commitment to work have some differences in perception. The number one priority for plant manager should be to minimise defects at the floor level itself. Detecting defects at the time of packing/ machining level not only increases the production costs but also adversely affects the net output. Difference of opinion is also a result of compatibility. General foreman is with the company for quite a while now while chief inspector has joined just a year back. Training of departmental inspectors can be a good option to invest in future, because training and development activities are the main mechanisms through which individual's goals and aspirations can be integrated with organisational goals and requirements. Training not only helps in developing knowledge and technical skills but also bring in change in attitudes as well. It needs to be emphsised to the inspectors that training is basically a task-oriented activity aimed at improving performance. There is also a problem of authority and coordination between horizontal differentiation between organisational units. This needs to be resolved amicably. This is plant manager's task to assign duties and responsibilities in the chain, which must appear to be logical and balanced. Let both general foreman and chief inspector should horizontally report to the plant manager, because this way I get feedback from two different checkpoints. All three departments will have the existing arrangement for the time being, because in any case campaign for better quality has already started. Ans. 2: Dr. W. Edwards Deming: "We have learned to live in a world of mistakes and defective products as if they were necessary to life. It is time to adopt a new philosophy in America."2 The managers of above mentioned case study must take a cue from this statement of Dr. Deming. Known as the father of Japanese post-war industrial revival, Dr. Deming was born in 1900 in United States. He remained largely unknown in his native USA until he was 'discovered' by the media in 1981. The Deming cycle or the PDCA cycle3 is a continuous quality improvement cycle consisting of a logical sequence of four repetitive steps for continuous improvement and learning; Plan, Do, Check and Act. This cycle was an improvement over the Shewart cycle. Dr. W. Edwards Deming* was a statistician and a student of Dr. Shewhart. His early career was spent teaching the application of statistical concepts and tools within industry4. He was invited to Japan at the end of World War II by

Native America and Hispanic Cultures in Michigan Research Paper

Native America and Hispanic Cultures in Michigan - Research Paper Example (US Bureau of Census 2008) I will address these two cultures separately in this paper but that both would be examined through the same parameters as demonstrated by the concept maps previously drafted. The parameter worked around three issues. These are education, family traditions and political background. I believe that these factors collectively characterize the wider cultural characteristics of the subject cultures. In regard to education, it varies through time and across cultures and so, it is necessary in establishing the cultural background of an ethnic group. Family traditions, meanwhile, reflect the way of life of the ethnic groups and, hence, demonstrate their culture. Finally, the political background was included in order to determine the minorities’ views on social issues in the context of their way of lives. These three variables characterize the cultural dimensions required in order for me to achieve my objectives. The methods employed for the research of sources used is a mix of first-hand interview, first-hand sources from government publications and research of second-hand sources from available literature such as books, journal and magazine. In regard to internet sources, the keywords used in the research include â€Å"Michigan demographics,† â€Å"Michigan Native Americans,† â€Å"Michigan education statistics,† and â€Å"Michigan voters profile.† The main search engine used was Google. I think the most important sources would be the government data from the US Bureau of Census as they represent the holistic status of the both the ethnic groups demography and cultural background. Because of this, it became easier to compare specific characteristics. The first-hand sources and interviews are also important because they allowed me to confirm and experience the major findings of the research. Because of this I was able to synthesize all the information that I was able to collect from all the relevant literature

Pre-Attack Techniques Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Pre-Attack Techniques - Coursework Example Unnecessary software and daemons should be deactivated and disabled given that they are most vulnerable for attack. Constant patching to system application and software should be done in order to eliminate the gaps and security holes that exist. Installation of new updates and new versions of existing application will ensure heighten and improved security. Constant updates ensure that al the patches are fixed thus eliminating system vulnerabilities (Scambray, 2009). Both hardware and software application forms of firewall such Symantec-Axents Firewall/VPN 100 Appliance and Zone Alarm can be installed in an organization’s system and network. Firewall installation discriminate against access request from unknown and unauthorized sources that may be of potential threat to computer systems and network. Network security assessment is done in order to see and expose the vulnerability that exists within a network and a system. Port scanning an organizations network will reveal the exposed services. Running a vulnerability scanner against an organization’s servers ensures that all the vulnerabilities are exposed and necessary actions taken to eliminate them in order to secure servers. Most of these pre-attack techniques and method for preventing hack attack against an organization are controllable from an organizations perspective. It is up to an organization to put up measures and install the necessary application in order to ensure the security of its systems and information including the network.

The Use Of Ergonomics Health And Social Care Essay

The Use Of Ergonomics Health And Social Care Essay The practice of safety in workplace has seen incredible advances as time has gone, due to advancement in technology, although there is still considerable amount of challenges that comes in form of injuries and illnesses (Hopwood and Thompson, 2006). This is where ergonomics comes to play a role in making the workplace safe for activities that would be carried out by the employee. Ergonomics draws on many disciplines in its study of humans and their environments, including anthropometry, biomechanics, mechanical engineering, industrial engineering, industrial design, kinesiology, physiology and psychology (Wikipedia, 2010). Unsafe, unhealthy, uncomfortable or inefficient situations at work or in everyday life are avoided by taking account of the physical and physiological capabilities and limitations of humans (Dul and Weerdmeester, 1993). Human health and safety is at optimum range when the workplace environmental parameters are suitable for the employee (Story, 2010). Each year, poorly designed products and workplaces account for thousands of injuries and skyrocketing costs. That is why ergonomics the human factor in product and workplace design is fast becoming a major concern of manufacturers (Gross, 1995). This report is about how is about applying and proper training on the use of ergonomics to everyday workplace can prevent life threatening illnesses, discomfort, accidents, and how employers can save money by reducing costs related to issues like workers compensation, absenteeism and turn over, as it makes operations more efficient by creating work place designs with fewer errors and improve on workplace user friendliness (MacLeod, 1995), with the goal of reducing musculoskeletal discomfort, increase work productivity, efficiency and comfort, as an employee who is more comfortable is more productive (Meriano and Latella, 2008). 1.1 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The aim of this report is to know what ergonomics is all about and how it can be incorporated into the health and safety sector. The objectives of this report are; Reduce risks factors associated with poorly designed work stations and, To design a workplace that is suitable for the human body rather than the human body adapting to workplace. To be able to identify, measure, control and monitor the occupational health hazards/agents in the workplace which may cause ill-health to employees. 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 WHAT IS ERGONOMICS? Ergonomics is the science of fitting workplace conditions and job demands to the capabilities of the working population, it tends to look into work related problems that poses a risk of musculoskeletal disorders and ways of alleviating them (Cohen et al, 1997). It is also the applied science that is devoted to provide comfort, efficiency and safety into the design of items in the work place (Shelly and Vermaat, 2010), ergonomic intervention can benefit both employer and employee (Meriano and Latella, 2008). The International Ergonomics Association defines ergonomics as follows: Ergonomics (or human factors) is the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of interactions among humans and other elements of a system, and the profession that applies theory, principles, data and methods to design in order to optimize human well-being and overall system performance. A large number of factors play a role in ergonomics; these include body posture and movement, environmental factors, information and operation as well as work organization. Ergonomics differs from other fields by its interdisciplinary approach and applied nature (Dul and Weerdmeester, 1993). The benefits of ergonomics include job satisfaction and enhanced worker motivation, added problem-solving capabilities, and greater acceptance of change. Involving staffs can help to identify job hazards, suggest ways to control these hazards and working with management in deciding how to put this control in place. 2.2 WHO IS AN ERGONOMIST? An Ergonomist is one who has adequate knowledge of the relation between humans health and humans performance (Schlick, 2009) taking into consideration the job, equipment used and information used (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergonomics). According to Dul and Weerdmeester, 1993, the professional ergonomists can work for the authorities (legislation), training institutions (universities and colleges), research establishments, the service industry (consultancy) and production sector (occupational health services, personnel departments, design departments, research departments, etc.), they also wrote that the ergonomist highlights the areas where ergonomic knowledge is essential, provides ergonomic guidelines and advises designers, purchasers, management and employees, on which are more acceptable systems. 2.3 HISTORY OF ERGONOMICS: Science of Ergonomics dates back to 1717, when Bernadino Ramazzini, father of occupational medicine, speculated on factors within the work environment that contributed to his patients illnesses, he described violent and irregular motions, bent posture and tonic strain on the muscle as factors that contributed to musculoskeletal pains in his patients (Meriano and Latella, 2008). However, in the United Kingdom, ergonomics started in 1917 in World War I when the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research and the Medical Research Council were asked to investigate industrial conditions, particularly of munitions workers, this led to the establishment of Industrial Fatigue Research Board who performed research on above topic in 1929 because of the expanded scope of work (hours of work, training, accidents, lighting and ventilation, and design of the machinery. In 1949, the Ergonomics Research Society was established at a meeting held by a small group of research workers at the Admiralty; this made the society the earliest to be formed in the world (Meister, 1999). 2.4 LEGAL CONTROL OF ERGONOMICS: The law serves as a vital function in complex social setting as it provides standards or guidelines that define unacceptable and acceptable human behaviour. A breach in this law can be considered violation of the law and the transgressor could face civil or criminal penalties the legal system of every governmental jurisdiction and at every level of organised society must constantly adapt to changing demands, so there has and will be a continuing effusion of controlling laws. It is for this reason that the legal system is based on concepts of human faults. Liability prevention or mitigation is the avoidance of fault by investigation, analysis, evaluation, risk assessment, corrective action, and preventive remedies. The probability of a scientist or engineer having contact with law is high, it is wise to become familiar with the area of entanglement (Marras and Karwowski, 2006), as there are a myriad of roles that can be played in state or federal common law actions, workers compensati on cases, allegations of statutory violations, arbitrations or mediations, government agency hearings, or citations involving Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (Vinal, 1999). According to Health and Safety at Work (HASAW) Act 1974, which is legislation, it states that; it is the duty of the employer to carry out a risk assessment in the work place. Failure to this is regarded as a breach in the law and has its consequences. 2.5 METHODS OF UNDERTAKING ERGONOMIC ASSESSMENT The fundamental goal of human-centred engineering is to match human characteristics such as body size, strengths and weaknesses, and capabilities and preferences with the relevant attributes of equipment, tasks, and procedure (Kroemer, 2006). The different methods used in the assessment of ergonomics include; I Physical methods II Psycho physiological methods III Behavioural and Cognitive Methods IV Team methods V Environmental methods VI Macroergonomics methods (Stanton et al., 2005) All these methods make use of the following techniques listed below; Measurement teams Anthropometric techniques Assessing energetic capabilities Assessing muscle strength Assessing mental workload Assessing vision capabilities Systematic gathering of information The ideal field assessment tools used should possess the following attributes; Predictive: the tool should provide predictive measure of risk of musculoskeletal injury, Robust: can be used in any work situation, Inexpensive: tool can be available at minimal monetary cost, Non-invasive: should not affect when worker performs or process work flow, Quick: assessment could be performed quickly, Easy to use: tool could be used with minimal training, (Marras and Karwowski, 2006). 3.0 METHODOLOGY 3.1 INTEGRATED ERGONOMICS ASSESSMENT FOR THE WORK STATION For the purpose of this assessment to be done, several protocols would have to be met. The first thing that would be done is to get a work station that can be used to carry out an ergonomics assessment, and the Help Desk in the Learning Resource Centre (LRC) has been selected. A proposed meeting was set up with the Manager of the LRC to get permission to carry out the assessment, the manager approved of this and forwarded necessary messages to the supervisors in the LRC who helped in completing the task. A confidentiality questionnaire was handed to one of the supervisors, which was filled and returned and would be used as a point of reference in the results. Using anthropometric method of ergonomic risk assessment, measurement of the work station would be taken using a measuring tape and pictures snapped for further evidence of the work station for ergonomics assessment. Ergonomics assessment on the work station would be done on the basis of the task carried out. The task carried ou t in the Help Desk in the LRC involves helping students use the computer systems to locate books in the library and helping to arrange books in shelves. For this reason, there is the need to alternate between sitting down and standing. Below is a chart that shows a plan on how the work would be carried out. Observation Hazard Identification Ergonomics Assessment Evaluation Risk Validation Control and monitor Review Chart 1: Flow Plan on the methodology of the ergonomic assessment. 4.0 RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATION The particular work station selected for this ergonomics was carefully observed for the different task carried out to see if there is any problem associated with the work place. Anthropometric technique was used to carry out this work by getting measurements of the work place. 4.1 OBSERVATION: The help desk offered assistance in carrying out this work after permission was granted by the Manager of the LRC. Looking carefully at the way work was done and asking questions from the staff being monitored were put into consideration, also photographs were taken to also get a clear picture of how the employee carries out the task. Fig 1: A Staff carrying out her duties on a Visual Display Unit. 4.2 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION: hazard identification was obtained mainly by asking questions from the employee on the work station, making use of a questionnaire and viewing the work station for possible activities that may cause health disorder(s) and affect the employee. Health and Safety at Work (HASAW) Act 1974 demands that the employer should make sure that employers carry out a risk assessment in the work environment to ensure safety of staffs. See result in table 1 below. Table 1: Hazard Identification on the help desk. Hazard Hazard aspect Impact/ Effect Posture Stooped posture (resulting from fatigue and long hours of working) Stiffness of the back, neck, and wrist from working too long on the Visual Display Unit Variety of health problems, like caved shoulders, muscular imbalances, rounding of the upper back and a tendency to lean forward while walking. Incidence of lower back disorders. Movement Twisting of the waist, neck, stretching the hand and holding in that position for a long time (straining muscles in the hand) Pain and strain on neck muscles and waist. Stress on muscles of the arms while stretching causes fatigue of the arm muscle. Visual Display Unit (VDU), keyboard and mouse. Fixed position of the neck when staring at the VDU, and stress on fingers from too much typing, twisting and flexing of the wrist when handling the mouse. Makes the employee aware of some eye defects that he/she was not aware of. Straining of the arms to reach the mouse and twisting of the wrist to get to the keyboard and grabbing the mouse. 4.3 ERGONOMIC ASSESSMENT: Ergonomics assessment on the work station showed that the design of the station has a moderate score as it accommodates the employee and has a low risk level. Below is a table of the total ergonomic risk factor and how it was derived. Table 2: Ergonomic Work Position Evaluation. Assessed by: Igho Date:14/12/2010 Ergonomic Evaluation Risk Factor Static Points Comments/Action Work Positions (Sitting) 0 pts 2 pts 4 pts √ if 20 secs + X 3 if static Neck (Flexion) bending head forward √ √ 6 Moderate Shoulders (Raising elbows) √ √ 6 Moderate Wrists/Hands √ √ 6 Moderate Back (flexion) bending forward at the hips √ √ 12 High Hiking Shoulders √ √ 0 Low Twisting (incorrectly with feet stationary) √ √ 0 Low Table 3: Task factor Evaluation Task Factors Points Awarded Muscle force Low √ Moderate High 0 Vibration Low √ Moderate High 0 Lighting Good √ Fair Poor 0 Workplace Temperature Comfortable √ Warm/Cool Hot/Cold 0 Table 4: Risk Factor total on the work station. Risk Factor total Risk Factor Points Total Comments/Action 0 pts 2 pts 4pts Work Positions 0 7 8 15 16 pts+ = 4 High (8-12) Task factors 0 8 9 15 16 pts+ = 0 = 4 Moderate (4 7) Lifting 0 7 8 13 14 pts+ = 0 Low (0 3) Table 5: Key Descriptor Scale Descriptor Consequence Control 0-3 LOW Little or no complaints of muscle aches and pains Taking of short time breaks 4-7 MODERATE Stress and fatigue on muscles which is tolerable Selection of an employee to monitor how tasks are being carried out 8-12 HIGH Work Musculoskeletal disorder, static load on muscles leads to painful fatigue on muscles Reduction of work that can cause musculoskeletal disorder and training of staffs to become more aware of ergonomic risk factors related to musculoskeletal disorders. Below is a sketch on the work station used in the LRC, measured in cm. 48cm 24cm 96cm 48cm 72cm Floor Fig 1: Sketch and measurement of the work station. The sketch above can be compared to the British standard dimension to know if the measured work station meets up with the standard. Table 6: Work place measurement compared with British Standard Dimension Measured Work Station British Standard Dimension (5th 95th Percentile (mixed Population 19 65 yrs) Popliteal height 48cm 44cm Thigh Clearance 23cm Table Height (Popliteal height + Sitting Elbow height) 72cm 68.5cm Sitting Shoulder Height Position 57cm 59cm Back rest 48cm RISK VALIDATION Based on the production of a well ergonomically equipped work station, a good control and review of the work station, and everything put in order, information and training of employees there may still be a problem that can pose as a threat to the work place. This can be seen in workers habit; sitting forward on the chair, sitting in the middle of the chair, leaning on arm rest and back rest, arms resting on the table are some examples of employees habit, and this can result in intervertebral disc injuries and back problems as the muscles of the back are easily stressed. CONTROL AND MONITORING To control occupational health and safety risks, improvement of performance and benefits in work places in order to eliminate or minimize risk to employees and other interested parties exposed to risks associated with its activities, it is necessary to implement, maintain and continually improve occupational health and safety in the work place. The following can be used to control and monitor on-going activities and tasks in the work place; Avoid Unnatural Posture: bending the trunk/head sideways is more harmful than bending forward The working area should be located so that it is at the best distance from the eyes of the operator. Hand grip, materials and tools should be arranged in such a way that the most frequent movements are carried out with the elbows bent and near to the body. Manipulations can be made easier by using supports under the elbows, forearms or hands. Padded/soft warm materials that can be adjustable to suite people of different sizes. It is essential that the workplace should be suited to the body size and mobility of the operator/employee, since neutral/natural postures and movements are a necessary part of efficient work. Neck and head posture: head and neck should not be bent forward by more than thirty degrees when the trunk is erect, else fatigue and troubles may occur. 4.6 REVIEW Having seen that ergonomically, the work station is tolerable, and staffs have been informed on how to position themselves whilst working, there is need to review work practice every three months to ensure and enforce that the mode of working is still in place to avoid injuries that may have built up with time. 4.7 RECOMMENDATION After measuring the work station and comparing with the British standard measurement, it is recommended that the chair (adjustable) should be adjusted to fit the user so as to get the comfortability needed in order not to stress and strain muscles in the back and feet. The mouse and Visual display unit should be ergonomically put in place to the comfort of the operator, to reduce tension and strain to the eyes, hands and wrist ERGONOMICS POLICY AND CONCLUSION 5.1 ERGONOMICS POLICY: The purpose of this policy is to endeavour staffs to adhere to guidelines in the work place with the aim of ensuring a safe working environment as well as to bring health hazard to a minimum. It is the managements responsibility to carry out duties under the Health and Safety at work Act 1974 and other legislation including amendments to ensure safe working practices and work environment. For this reason, the help desk shall abide to the following guidelines; Ergonomics efforts shall be embedded, maintained and preserved on the help desk in Learning Resource Centre (LRC) to ensure a safe and healthy work place environment for employees. Cooperation of work force in making sure that ergonomic improvement is realised. (Joint effort of managers, supervisors, employees and other supporting staffs) Designation of post to a responsible employee to check that workers are well positioned, to prevent Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders in the work station. Training of staffs to be more aware of ergonomic risk factors related to Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders. Informing staffs about ergonomics and its risk factors can help to reduce cost of treatment of Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders, as the budgeted cost can be used as employees benefits. This policy would be implemented and reviewed three times a year to ensure that the health conditions of the employees are in order, to reduce money spent on treating employees for work related musculoskeletal disorders. This policy would be handed to each staff through information and trainings and in written form. 5.2 CONCLUSION After a thorough ergonomic examination of the help desk in the LRC, and assessing the working environment, proper ergonomics evaluation was done and control measures put in Place as well as a policy for the safety and health of the employees so as to reduce chances of the risk of having a staff complain about a work related musculoskeletal disorder. Control measures used after ergonomic assessment and risk validation was carried out is to help in reducing the chances of getting a work related musculoskeletal disorder and cost of treatment from injuries sustained (if any at all, considering the tolerable amount derived from the evaluation and chances of any injury sustained, this is as a result of proper training of the staffs).

Essay --

Civil War Essay Before 1861, no one in the USA ever imagined that their country would be torn apart by a savage civil war that would cost over 620,000 lives and shake the foundations of our government to the roots. The American Civil War had many causes, famous battles, influential figures, and outcomes. As of the 1850s the Mason-Dixon Line separated the North from the South, even as Lincoln and the rest of the government tried to keep the country together. Their best efforts failed, and America was thrust into a bloody civil war. The Civil War really began, though, in peoples' minds, as the most important causes all began...with a debate. Slavery was one of the factors that played a key role in the causes of the Civil War. The Missouri Compromise was a debate began as to whether Maine and Missouri would enter the Union as free or slave states. To be fair to the rule of the Mason-Dixon Line, Maine was admitted as a free state, and Missouri, even though it was also in the north, would enter as a slave state. The Compromise of 1850 dealt with whether California, Utah, and New Mexico would be slave or free. California was admitted as a free state, but since it made the ratio of slave to free states unequal, " it also stated that the territories of New Mexico and Utah would determine for themselves whether to become slave or free states."(Wise) The Kansas-Nebraska Act decided that any territory that became a state would have the right to vote on whether it would be slave or free, which made Northerners angry because it changed the terms of the Missouri Compromise. The constant flux of the issue of slavery grew during the years leading up to the war, as the Missouri Compromise, the Compromise of 1859, and the Kansas-Nebraska act con... ...t a few days after the end of the war, and Lee's surrender marked the end of the Civil War and slavery. Each of these outcomes had a significant effect over the years to come in American history. The American Civil war's causes, influential figures, bloody battles, and outcomes will and have left a mark on history forever. It shaped America's future and redefined the phrase "all men are created equal" as well as being a precursor for the Civil Rights Movement a century later. The Civil War made all people consider their Nation's stability and woke them up to the reality of civil war that would repeat in other countries again and again. America came out of it a battered and bruised yet stronger still country, and to this day it strives to maintain this caliber of honor and strength. It seems the saying,"no pain, no gain," has been made manifest in American history.

Why did the Tamburlaine plays have such extraordinary appeal for sixteenth-century audiences?

The Tamburlaine plays are two works written by Christopher Marlowe. In this essay I will discuss why the plays were so appealing to audiences in Marlowe's time and whether they are still as appealing to a modern audience and why. The character of Tamburlaine can be compared to some historical characters the most accurate being Timur the Lame, a historical ruler over most of central Asia. Richard Wilson compares him to Tsar Ivan IV, commonly known as Ivan the Terrible, the 16th Century Emperor of Russia, whose tyrannical rule, may well be replayed in Tamburlaine. (pp.51, R. Wilson, 1996.) The first of the two Tamburlaine plays was performed in 1587, following Marlowe's graduation from Cambridge. The second was most probably written and performed later following the success of Tamburlaine Part 1 in the theatres. Some critics however believe that the two plays were written and performed together; ‘in November 1587†¦Philip Gawdy describes how in a piece recently presented by the Lord Admirals Men an actor, called onto fire a gun at one of his fellows tied to a stake, missed his aim killing a pregnant woman, a child and maiming others. This has often been taken to refer to Tamburlaine's execution of the governor of Babylon in the final act of Part II, but the assumption cannot be verified.' (pp. 69, V. Thomas and W. Tydeman, 1994) Also ‘in 1588 Robert Greene†¦could allude to Marlowe ‘daring God out of heaven with the Atheist Tamburlan', a far less ambiguous reference to the scene in which Tamburlaine†¦orders the destruction of the Koran and defiantly daring Mahomet to come down and punish his impiety.' (pp. 69, V. Thomas and W. Tydeman, 1994) Conversely it may be possible that in the eyes of a 16th Century audience, Tamburlaine's actions would not be considered heretical because the Elizabethans knew Tamburlaine to be an infidel and would be not see the Qu'ran as a Holy book compared to their own Bible. Had he burned the Bible the case would have been very different. The issues of holy texts were hotly debated during this time as in each English church there had now been placed a new English language bible, which was in many parishes regarded as an alien book. The emphasis on holy text would have resonance for an Elizabethan audience having suffered over the last 40 years the changes between English and Latin Bibles and the Catholic and Protestant religion. Tamburlaine often refers to God as Jove, the Roman divine ruler, but only when he is expressly defying God. ‘Tamburlaine: The God of war resigns me to his room, Meaning to make me general of the world; Jove viewing me in arms looks pale and wan, Fearing my power should pull him from his throne.' (Act V, scene ii, line 388.) This quote shows Tamburlaine referring to God as Jove while believing he has the power to overthrow god, he says God fears him. This could show a certain awareness of the heretical nature of his deeds. He would rather refer to a God that he does not believe in than use the one he does. A part of him does fear God but Tamburlaine does not want to recognise it. To show fear is weakness. Weakness is not acceptable in a man in Tamburlaine's position of power and his self-importance. Tamburlaine although essentially Muslim, seems to be indecisive in his religious beliefs. In the first play he refers extensively to the way of Mohammed or Mahomet as he is called in the text, then nearing the end of the second play he denounces him as ‘not worthy of being worshipped' and burns the Qu'ran. This act which would cause uproar today especially to British Muslims, if not Muslims of all nationalities, would not have had the same effect on a sixteenth-century audience, in 1587 there were few i f any British Muslims, they were thought of and referred to as infidels, ungodly and wicked. A recent production of Tamburlaine at the Barbican in London in 2005, directed and adapted by David Farr, censored this part of the text in order to not incite religious reprisals, ‘key references' to Mohammed were also cut from the play especially from the book burning scene; ‘Simon Reade, artistic director of the Bristol Old Vic, said that if they had not altered the original it â€Å"would have unnecessarily raised the hackles of a significant proportion of one of the world's great religions†. The burning of the Koran was â€Å"smoothed over†, he said, so that it became just the destruction of â€Å"a load of books† relating to any culture or religion. That made it more powerful, they claimed.' (D. Alberge, 2005) In my opinion the final sentence of this quote is inappropriate because I feel that the burning of the Qu'ran is an incredibly important part of the play, without it being the Qu'ran it completely changes what the scene means and how controversial it would be to modern audience. The Qu'ran is a holy text, burning just ‘a load of books' renders the scene completely unnecessary and irrelevant to the play and takes Tamburlaine's death, completely out of context, if indeed his death is an act of God, for him burning the Qu'ran, as many interpretations claim. Terry Hands the director of Tamburlaine by the Royal Shakespeare Company in 1992 and Charles Nicholl, the author of The Reckoning: The Murder of Christopher Marlowe, opposed this censoring as did Inayat Bunglawala, the media secretary of the Muslim Council of Britain, who said ‘In the context of a fictional play, I don't think it will have offended many people.' Britain was a wholly and strongly Christian nation in 1587; no one would oppose the destruction of a book of another holy order, which they believed to be blasphemous. Violence and the disorder of war was part of contemporary Elizabethan England. Public execution and punishment in gruesome manners was a form of entertainment at the time of the Tamburlaine plays. As was making an example of those executed, as Tamburlaine's victims are hung on the city walls, many beheaded criminals had their head displayed on spikes to warn others. Many plays performed at this time used war or famous historic heroes of war as a basis for their storylines and often had what is to a modern eye grotesque and appalling episodes of violence. This is shown in Shakespeare's Titus Andronicus (1584), without doubt his most bloody play. ‘Marlowe achieved far greater fame and popularity than Shakespeare at the same point in their theatrical careers (both born 1564).' (pp.95, C. Breight, 1996) With the exception of Titus Andronicus Shakespeare did not really come into his own until the early 1590's and was not recognised as great playwright until his later life, whereas Marlowe was celebrated through his early life before he died at the age of 29. Marlowe was genius and his work was well known and widely performed by the time of his death. The language in much of Shakespearean text is very elaborate and although a sixteenth-century audience may have been able to understand it better than a modern audience, Marlowe's language is much more direct. This gives much more impact and ‘says what it means' leaving the dramatic potential for the delivery. ‘Tamburlaine: Your fearful minds are thick and misty then, For there sits Death, there sits imperious Death, Keeping his circuit buy the slicing edge. But I am glad you shall not see him there. He now is seated on my horsemen's spears, And on their points his fleshless body feeds, Techelles, straight go charge a few of them To charge these dames, and show my servant Death Sitting in scarlet on their armà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½d spears.' (Act V, scene ii, line 47) This quote shows how Marlowe uses a straightforward and more direct form of language than Shakespeare's and this is and was part of his appeal to contemporary and modern audiences. The aggressive and ego-centric speech is impossible to perform in a retiring and introverted manner and the stage presence of the actor is larger than life. In accordance with modern audiences, sixteenth-century audiences loved a character that they can hate, Tamburlaine can be compared to more modern comedic characters such as Flashheart in Blackadder and Jafar in Disney's Aladdin. These words and others in the play need to be performed to understand the full effect of what Tamburlaine is saying. He is teasing the virgins, he is making a joke out of the fact that they begged for mercy and he is still going to kill them. This ruthless and cruel nature is what makes Tamburlaine the man he is, it makes him such a loathsome character. Despite being a dislikeable character Tamburlaine is also a very passionate character, his determination and victory in all his conquests, his love for Zenocrate, his mercy shown in sparing her father after conquering Egypt almost make him a worthy role model for the 16th century man. ‘Audiences were not necessarily intended to understand Tamburlaine; such was his shock value and his capacity to break through the very fabric of society with his ceaseless conquests and unquenchable thirst for power. (novelguide.com, 2009)' This quote describes Tamburlaine as shocking character which he is; he is designed to shock and inspire an audience, his inspiration may not be as noticeable today in a less barbaric and more modern way of life, but to a 16th Century audience it would have been obvious, Tamburlaine's enthusiasm for war was what England at the time wanted from its people for the impending war with Spain. He is a ruthless, power hungry, slaughterer who does not give the audience a chance to see how he would cope with defeat. Defeat is not an option for Tamburlaine, just as defeat was not an option for Queen Elizabeth I when she launched the fire ships against the Spanish Armada just a year later in 1588. Tamburlaine shows determination but it also shows him going too far, he forgets that he's mortal and he is still down here on the ground. He is still subject to God, although he heretically believes himself to be more powerful. All Elizabethans knew that a strong sometimes even aggressive leader was essential for their safety in the 16th Century. Their experiences in the reigns of Edward VI and Mary Tudor both weaker monarchs in their capacities of leadership and war must have been unsettling and remembered by theatre goers. Strong dynamic leaders such as Henry VIII and the later Elizabeth I gave a sense of peace and safety to at least part of the nation although there were still dissidents. The appeal of Tamburlaine as play could be partly because people could discuss him and his activities without fear of being thought treasonable. His strength as leader would have been commendable. ‘A Prince ought to have no other aim or thought, nor select anything else for his study, than war and its rules and discipline; for this is the sole art that belongs to him who rules, and it is of such force that it not only upholds those who are born princes, but it often enables men to rise from a private station to that rank.' This quote from Machiavelli's The Prince was a European view on how a prince or other leader should be, it states how a person of a lower status can raise himself up from private to Prince as Tamburlaine has done from shepherd to King. It states that a prince's sole study should be the art of war in his role as protector. Tamburlaine is a strong leader, his subjects are safe from any surrounding forces as shown in the way that Tamburlaine has fought off two advances from Callapine, the son of Bajazeth the former Turkish ruler whom Tamburlaine tortured and humiliated. His knowledge and performance in war is unmatchable. In conclusion the Tamburlaine plays would have appealed to a 16th century audience for a number of reasons. Mainly for the various ways in which the character of Tamburlaine presents himself, as villain but also as an inspiration, as a man who has become drunk with power, but also a strong leader who knows what he is doing on the battlefield. Tamburlaine's self contradictions are endless. A 16th Century audience would have enjoyed the build up to ultimate power then the anti-climatic downfall of their ‘hero'!

University of Cincinnati Villinova Online MBA Programs With no GMAT Essays

University of Cincinnati Villinova Online MBA Programs With no GMAT Essays University of Cincinnati Villinova Online MBA Programs With no GMAT Essay University of Cincinnati Villinova Online MBA Programs With no GMAT Essay University of Cincinnati  Online MBA Program no GMAT  is a very  well known public exploration and research institution, the University of Cincinnati encompasses four very large campuses in Cincinnati, Ohio  totaling 473 acres in all. With its roots tracing all the way back to 1819, the University of Cincinnati has produced quite a few major contributions to our sciences and society, including the life saving oral Polio vaccine, the first electronic organ the first antihistamine, and the founding of cooperative online education. With more than 30,000 students, the University of Cincinnati has grown to become one of the countries largest and most comprehensive academic universities as well as the largest employer in the Cincinnati area. Click the Banner below for the Official: University of Cincinnati Online MBA Program no GMAT Nova University  Online MBA Program no GMAT  was founded in the late 18oos. Nova University is one of the oldest and the biggest Catholic universities in Pennsylvania and through the years, Villanova has become recognized as the leading expert in online and offline professional education, with many thousands of online students that also include professionals from many Fortune  five hundred  companies. Villanova University offers you a wide variety of very dynamic yet one hundred percent online programs including our Human Resource Master’s Degree designed specifically with you and your busy life in mind. From our project management program to the leadership, to HR, Villanova’s programs are designed specifically to help you gain industry leading certifications that will enhance your education and your career. Click the Banner below for the Official:   Villanova University Online MBA Program no GMAT

Juche essays

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