Protestantism Essays - Anti-Protestantism, Anti-Catholicism

Protestantism Throughout the Middle Ages, the Catholic Church continued to assert its primacy of position. The growth of the papacy had paralleled the growth of the church, but by the end of the Middle Ages challenges to papal authority from the rising power of monarchical states had resulted in a loss of papal temporal authority. An even greater threat to papal authority and church unity arose in the sixteenth century when the unity of medieval European Christendom was irretrievably shattered by the Reformation. Martin Luther was the catalyst that precipitated the new movement. His personal struggle for religious certainty led him, against his will, to question the medieval system of salvation and the very authority of the church. His chief opposition was Holy Roman Emperor Charles V who, due to multiple circumstances, was unable to impede Luther's movement. He opposed the Catholic doctrine of faith and good works for salvation, instead proposing a doctrine of salvation through faith. His publishing of the Ninety-Five Theses, which covered the abuse of indulgences, is often seen as the beginning of the Reformation movement. However, the movement was not only confined to Luther's Germany. Native reform movements in Switzerland found leadership in Ulrich Zwingli, who eventually sought an alliance with Luther and the German reformers, and especially in John Calvin, whose Institutes of the Christian Religion became the most influential summary of the new theology. On most important doctrines, Calvin was in agreement with Luther. Calvin differed from Luther in his belief in the concept of predestination, derived from his belief in God's supreme authority. This concept became the central focus of succeeding generations of Calvinists. One of the more radical Reformation groups, the Anabaptists, set themselves against other Protestants as well as against Rome, rejecting such long-established practices as infant baptism and sometimes even such dogmas as the Trinity and denouncing the alliance of church and state. They believed in nonviolence and strict separation of church and state, equality, and voluntary congregations. England during the Reformation was one of continuous change. The English Reformation, provoked by the marital troubles of Henry VIII, reflected the influence of the Lutheran and then of the Calvinistic reforms, but went its own "middle way," retaining both Catholic and Protestant elements. Following Henry's reign, Edward VI moved the Church of England toward Protestantism, followed immediately by a reversion to Catholicism by Mary I. Elizabeth then reverted to Protestantism, and tried to merge Catholicism and Protestantism into the Anglican church. The Protestant Reformation did not exhaust the spirit of reform within the Roman Catholic church. In response both to the Protestant challenge and to its own needs, the church summoned the Council of Trent, which would not compromise with the Protestants by reaffirming traditional teachings, making both faith and good works necessary for salvation. They reestablished the sacraments, relics, clerical celibacy, and the practice of indulgences. Responsibility for carrying out the actions of the council fell in considerable measure on the Society of Jesus, which was grounded on the principles of absolute obedience to the papacy and to militarily protect the word of God. The chronological coincidence of the discovery of the New World and the Reformation was seen as a providential opportunity to evangelize those who had never heard the gospel. Trent on the Roman Catholic side and the several confessions of faith on the Protestant side had the effect of making the divisions permanent. In one respect the divisions were not permanent, for new divisions continued to appear. Historically, the most noteworthy of these were probably the ones that arose in the Church of England. The Puritans objected to the "remnants of popery" in the liturgical and institutional life of Anglicanism and pressed for a further reformation. Because of the Anglican union of throne and altar, this agitation had direct political consequences, climaxing in the English Revolution and the execution of King Charles I in 1649. Just as many other denominations that would form such as the Quakers and Nonconformists, Puritanism found its most complete expression, both politically and theologically, in North America, where denominations could find some sanctuary from the persecution of the homeland.

Eddie and Patsy Essays

Eddie and Patsy Essays Eddie and Patsy Essay Eddie and Patsy Essay Rowe identifies the unruly woman by a physical presence which is both excessive and loose (she specifically focuses on Roseanne as the archetypal unruly woman), excess may also be represented through the behaviour, uniform and attitudes of the female characters. In this way, Feuer is able to develop the definition of the unruly woman as any character exceeding the norms of femininity at the time the character was popular. The icon of the unruly woman has been interpreted by some academics as providing a space in which female transgression can be witnessed and celebrated, even while they seem to be part of larger social forces, which should contain them, such as marriage and family. Absolutely Fabulous clearly generates comedy from the excesses of its protagonists, and particularly by implying their distance from the values which they should display as woman or mother. In an episode from series 4, Small Opening, the programme opens with a tracking shot across an opulent living room set, characterised by its extravagant furniture and objets dart. Eddie and Patsy are in the living room, attempting to tidy up. However, this is not a scene of domesticity, since the mess in question is a huge pile of various narcotics. Various empty bottles of Bollinger champagne also litter the set, adding a final touch to the hedonistic atmosphere. As with many sitcoms, this particular space is strongly associated with the protagonists, signifying the conspicuous affluence, adherence to fashion and the uninhibited lifestyle that Eddie and Patsy have chosen to lead. However, Eddies house is not entirely her own. The kitchen, for instance, is clearly demarcated as Saffys space. Tucked away below the rest of the house, Saffy and her grandmother are most often shown around the kitchen table, which is probably the most traditional piece of furniture in the house. Eddie and Patsy only venture into this room when necessity demands, and both are shown to be uneasy here. In most episodes, it is a place for confusion and conflict. In Small Opening, Eddie (stoned and paranoid) attacks her mobile phone on the kitchen table, mistaking its ringtone for the drone of a giant bee. Later, she verbally assaults her former husbands as they gather in the kitchen, prior to the opening night of Saffys autobiographical play: I can tell you a few things about him. Being married to him was like being married to an antique shop full of crap and always closed. Old wood, arent you? Eddies antipathy towards the kitchen, the domestic space most closely associated with traditional notions of femininity, is typical of the way in which the programme constructs the character in opposition to familiar ideas about women and their roles. The notion of motherhood is parodied in almost every episode of the show, as Eddies neglect of Saffy is revealed in monstrous proportions. In this episode, a flashback sequence shows Eddie and Patsy taking a young Saffy to the park during the 1980s. Dressed in an exaggerated version of a New Romantic costume and played out to the soundtrack of Prince Charming by Adam and the Ants, Eddie and Patsy are fascinated by this unfamiliar environment. Ignoring Saffy, they take over the childrens play area. However, their lack of experience is telling; Patsy is knocked out by a flying swing, despite being warned by Saffy that it comes back again. After the flashback, Eddie confronts her daughter about the play that she has written, but her fears are not based, as we might expect, upon filial betrayal: Saffy darling. Will you answer Mummy one question? How fat is the woman playing me? Given that Eddies relationships to her daughter and to her home are turned upon their heads for comedy, it is not surprising that Absolutely Fabulous plays a similar trick with the role of men within the narrative. Neither of the protagonists are shown to be dependent upon men or emotional relationships for their well-being. Unlike more conventional domestic comedies, there is no straight man used as a foil for the female characters eccentricities, nor to sort out the situations in which they find themselves. In fact, the environment is often constructed as hostile to male presence. When ex-husband Marshall arrives, his entrance into the house is choreographed like a scene from a spaghetti western. His trepidation is shown to be well founded, as we cut to a low angle shot of Eddie and Patsy looking down from the landing, smoking cigarillos, accompanied by a Morriconesque soundtrack. In many ways, the most obvious source of conventional masculine values within the text is Patsy. Her excessive appetites for alcohol, drugs and sexual satisfaction suggests a similar outlook to the protagonists of/Wen Behaving Badly and her maleness is further heightened by the jealous way she guards her relationship with Eddie. The programme is able to play on this idea of Patsys masculinity in order to confuse the conventional representations of gender further. Eddies mother often treats Patsy asthe man of the house: Patsy, there you are dear. I need a strong pair of arms. Ive got a wardrobe stuck on the stairs. Furthermore, Patsys look (bouffant hair, exaggerated makeup, extravagant designer costumes) and the way she is lit strongly suggests another archetype of mixed gender qualities the drag queen. Small Opening acknowledges the significance of this construction as we watch the play within the text. In Saffys production, Patsy is played by a man. Patsy doesnt realise this but is delighted with herdoppelganger: Her tits are bigger than mine, Eddie, but otherwise shes fantastic At the end of the episode the truth is revealed when the cast of the play are invited to lunch. Patsy is not, however, thrown by the revelation: Never mind. Cheers mate. Patsys (and the programmes) acceptance of her gender ambivalence is indicative of the texts refusal to punish the characters for their unconventionality or to force them to return to more normal modes of behaviour at the closure of each episode. Feuer indicates the radical potential of this kind of strategy in offering a critique of femininity: In this reading farce and ideological subversion count for a lot; the exaggerated excess of the characters make them radical. The fan culture that formed around AbFab would seem to indicate that many viewers identified with the bad mothers and therefore against the proper but dull daughter The privileging of this kind of reading is even more pronounced in later series of the show, where Saffy increasingly becomes an unattractive, insular character, almost justifying her mothers treatment. However, it is worth considering to what degree the shows form contributes to the sanctioning of this value system. The heightened style, involving elements of farce and other obviously theatrical moments, distances us sufficiently from the text so that we can laugh at, rather than be shocked by, the excesses on show. Whether similar narratives would work in the more gritty, realist style of shows such as Roseanne is debatable.

Quality and Reliability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Quality and Reliability - Essay Example It is through expression that employees give expression to their commitment to work, level of motivation and their attitudes. Therefore, both officials while expressing commitment to work have some differences in perception. The number one priority for plant manager should be to minimise defects at the floor level itself. Detecting defects at the time of packing/ machining level not only increases the production costs but also adversely affects the net output. Difference of opinion is also a result of compatibility. General foreman is with the company for quite a while now while chief inspector has joined just a year back. Training of departmental inspectors can be a good option to invest in future, because training and development activities are the main mechanisms through which individual's goals and aspirations can be integrated with organisational goals and requirements. Training not only helps in developing knowledge and technical skills but also bring in change in attitudes as well. It needs to be emphsised to the inspectors that training is basically a task-oriented activity aimed at improving performance. There is also a problem of authority and coordination between horizontal differentiation between organisational units. This needs to be resolved amicably. This is plant manager's task to assign duties and responsibilities in the chain, which must appear to be logical and balanced. Let both general foreman and chief inspector should horizontally report to the plant manager, because this way I get feedback from two different checkpoints. All three departments will have the existing arrangement for the time being, because in any case campaign for better quality has already started. Ans. 2: Dr. W. Edwards Deming: "We have learned to live in a world of mistakes and defective products as if they were necessary to life. It is time to adopt a new philosophy in America."2 The managers of above mentioned case study must take a cue from this statement of Dr. Deming. Known as the father of Japanese post-war industrial revival, Dr. Deming was born in 1900 in United States. He remained largely unknown in his native USA until he was 'discovered' by the media in 1981. The Deming cycle or the PDCA cycle3 is a continuous quality improvement cycle consisting of a logical sequence of four repetitive steps for continuous improvement and learning; Plan, Do, Check and Act. This cycle was an improvement over the Shewart cycle. Dr. W. Edwards Deming* was a statistician and a student of Dr. Shewhart. His early career was spent teaching the application of statistical concepts and tools within industry4. He was invited to Japan at the end of World War II by

Native America and Hispanic Cultures in Michigan Research Paper

Native America and Hispanic Cultures in Michigan - Research Paper Example (US Bureau of Census 2008) I will address these two cultures separately in this paper but that both would be examined through the same parameters as demonstrated by the concept maps previously drafted. The parameter worked around three issues. These are education, family traditions and political background. I believe that these factors collectively characterize the wider cultural characteristics of the subject cultures. In regard to education, it varies through time and across cultures and so, it is necessary in establishing the cultural background of an ethnic group. Family traditions, meanwhile, reflect the way of life of the ethnic groups and, hence, demonstrate their culture. Finally, the political background was included in order to determine the minorities’ views on social issues in the context of their way of lives. These three variables characterize the cultural dimensions required in order for me to achieve my objectives. The methods employed for the research of sources used is a mix of first-hand interview, first-hand sources from government publications and research of second-hand sources from available literature such as books, journal and magazine. In regard to internet sources, the keywords used in the research include â€Å"Michigan demographics,† â€Å"Michigan Native Americans,† â€Å"Michigan education statistics,† and â€Å"Michigan voters profile.† The main search engine used was Google. I think the most important sources would be the government data from the US Bureau of Census as they represent the holistic status of the both the ethnic groups demography and cultural background. Because of this, it became easier to compare specific characteristics. The first-hand sources and interviews are also important because they allowed me to confirm and experience the major findings of the research. Because of this I was able to synthesize all the information that I was able to collect from all the relevant literature

Pre-Attack Techniques Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Pre-Attack Techniques - Coursework Example Unnecessary software and daemons should be deactivated and disabled given that they are most vulnerable for attack. Constant patching to system application and software should be done in order to eliminate the gaps and security holes that exist. Installation of new updates and new versions of existing application will ensure heighten and improved security. Constant updates ensure that al the patches are fixed thus eliminating system vulnerabilities (Scambray, 2009). Both hardware and software application forms of firewall such Symantec-Axents Firewall/VPN 100 Appliance and Zone Alarm can be installed in an organization’s system and network. Firewall installation discriminate against access request from unknown and unauthorized sources that may be of potential threat to computer systems and network. Network security assessment is done in order to see and expose the vulnerability that exists within a network and a system. Port scanning an organizations network will reveal the exposed services. Running a vulnerability scanner against an organization’s servers ensures that all the vulnerabilities are exposed and necessary actions taken to eliminate them in order to secure servers. Most of these pre-attack techniques and method for preventing hack attack against an organization are controllable from an organizations perspective. It is up to an organization to put up measures and install the necessary application in order to ensure the security of its systems and information including the network.

The Use Of Ergonomics Health And Social Care Essay

The Use Of Ergonomics Health And Social Care Essay The practice of safety in workplace has seen incredible advances as time has gone, due to advancement in technology, although there is still considerable amount of challenges that comes in form of injuries and illnesses (Hopwood and Thompson, 2006). This is where ergonomics comes to play a role in making the workplace safe for activities that would be carried out by the employee. Ergonomics draws on many disciplines in its study of humans and their environments, including anthropometry, biomechanics, mechanical engineering, industrial engineering, industrial design, kinesiology, physiology and psychology (Wikipedia, 2010). Unsafe, unhealthy, uncomfortable or inefficient situations at work or in everyday life are avoided by taking account of the physical and physiological capabilities and limitations of humans (Dul and Weerdmeester, 1993). Human health and safety is at optimum range when the workplace environmental parameters are suitable for the employee (Story, 2010). Each year, poorly designed products and workplaces account for thousands of injuries and skyrocketing costs. That is why ergonomics the human factor in product and workplace design is fast becoming a major concern of manufacturers (Gross, 1995). This report is about how is about applying and proper training on the use of ergonomics to everyday workplace can prevent life threatening illnesses, discomfort, accidents, and how employers can save money by reducing costs related to issues like workers compensation, absenteeism and turn over, as it makes operations more efficient by creating work place designs with fewer errors and improve on workplace user friendliness (MacLeod, 1995), with the goal of reducing musculoskeletal discomfort, increase work productivity, efficiency and comfort, as an employee who is more comfortable is more productive (Meriano and Latella, 2008). 1.1 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The aim of this report is to know what ergonomics is all about and how it can be incorporated into the health and safety sector. The objectives of this report are; Reduce risks factors associated with poorly designed work stations and, To design a workplace that is suitable for the human body rather than the human body adapting to workplace. To be able to identify, measure, control and monitor the occupational health hazards/agents in the workplace which may cause ill-health to employees. 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 WHAT IS ERGONOMICS? Ergonomics is the science of fitting workplace conditions and job demands to the capabilities of the working population, it tends to look into work related problems that poses a risk of musculoskeletal disorders and ways of alleviating them (Cohen et al, 1997). It is also the applied science that is devoted to provide comfort, efficiency and safety into the design of items in the work place (Shelly and Vermaat, 2010), ergonomic intervention can benefit both employer and employee (Meriano and Latella, 2008). The International Ergonomics Association defines ergonomics as follows: Ergonomics (or human factors) is the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of interactions among humans and other elements of a system, and the profession that applies theory, principles, data and methods to design in order to optimize human well-being and overall system performance. A large number of factors play a role in ergonomics; these include body posture and movement, environmental factors, information and operation as well as work organization. Ergonomics differs from other fields by its interdisciplinary approach and applied nature (Dul and Weerdmeester, 1993). The benefits of ergonomics include job satisfaction and enhanced worker motivation, added problem-solving capabilities, and greater acceptance of change. Involving staffs can help to identify job hazards, suggest ways to control these hazards and working with management in deciding how to put this control in place. 2.2 WHO IS AN ERGONOMIST? An Ergonomist is one who has adequate knowledge of the relation between humans health and humans performance (Schlick, 2009) taking into consideration the job, equipment used and information used (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergonomics). According to Dul and Weerdmeester, 1993, the professional ergonomists can work for the authorities (legislation), training institutions (universities and colleges), research establishments, the service industry (consultancy) and production sector (occupational health services, personnel departments, design departments, research departments, etc.), they also wrote that the ergonomist highlights the areas where ergonomic knowledge is essential, provides ergonomic guidelines and advises designers, purchasers, management and employees, on which are more acceptable systems. 2.3 HISTORY OF ERGONOMICS: Science of Ergonomics dates back to 1717, when Bernadino Ramazzini, father of occupational medicine, speculated on factors within the work environment that contributed to his patients illnesses, he described violent and irregular motions, bent posture and tonic strain on the muscle as factors that contributed to musculoskeletal pains in his patients (Meriano and Latella, 2008). However, in the United Kingdom, ergonomics started in 1917 in World War I when the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research and the Medical Research Council were asked to investigate industrial conditions, particularly of munitions workers, this led to the establishment of Industrial Fatigue Research Board who performed research on above topic in 1929 because of the expanded scope of work (hours of work, training, accidents, lighting and ventilation, and design of the machinery. In 1949, the Ergonomics Research Society was established at a meeting held by a small group of research workers at the Admiralty; this made the society the earliest to be formed in the world (Meister, 1999). 2.4 LEGAL CONTROL OF ERGONOMICS: The law serves as a vital function in complex social setting as it provides standards or guidelines that define unacceptable and acceptable human behaviour. A breach in this law can be considered violation of the law and the transgressor could face civil or criminal penalties the legal system of every governmental jurisdiction and at every level of organised society must constantly adapt to changing demands, so there has and will be a continuing effusion of controlling laws. It is for this reason that the legal system is based on concepts of human faults. Liability prevention or mitigation is the avoidance of fault by investigation, analysis, evaluation, risk assessment, corrective action, and preventive remedies. The probability of a scientist or engineer having contact with law is high, it is wise to become familiar with the area of entanglement (Marras and Karwowski, 2006), as there are a myriad of roles that can be played in state or federal common law actions, workers compensati on cases, allegations of statutory violations, arbitrations or mediations, government agency hearings, or citations involving Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (Vinal, 1999). According to Health and Safety at Work (HASAW) Act 1974, which is legislation, it states that; it is the duty of the employer to carry out a risk assessment in the work place. Failure to this is regarded as a breach in the law and has its consequences. 2.5 METHODS OF UNDERTAKING ERGONOMIC ASSESSMENT The fundamental goal of human-centred engineering is to match human characteristics such as body size, strengths and weaknesses, and capabilities and preferences with the relevant attributes of equipment, tasks, and procedure (Kroemer, 2006). The different methods used in the assessment of ergonomics include; I Physical methods II Psycho physiological methods III Behavioural and Cognitive Methods IV Team methods V Environmental methods VI Macroergonomics methods (Stanton et al., 2005) All these methods make use of the following techniques listed below; Measurement teams Anthropometric techniques Assessing energetic capabilities Assessing muscle strength Assessing mental workload Assessing vision capabilities Systematic gathering of information The ideal field assessment tools used should possess the following attributes; Predictive: the tool should provide predictive measure of risk of musculoskeletal injury, Robust: can be used in any work situation, Inexpensive: tool can be available at minimal monetary cost, Non-invasive: should not affect when worker performs or process work flow, Quick: assessment could be performed quickly, Easy to use: tool could be used with minimal training, (Marras and Karwowski, 2006). 3.0 METHODOLOGY 3.1 INTEGRATED ERGONOMICS ASSESSMENT FOR THE WORK STATION For the purpose of this assessment to be done, several protocols would have to be met. The first thing that would be done is to get a work station that can be used to carry out an ergonomics assessment, and the Help Desk in the Learning Resource Centre (LRC) has been selected. A proposed meeting was set up with the Manager of the LRC to get permission to carry out the assessment, the manager approved of this and forwarded necessary messages to the supervisors in the LRC who helped in completing the task. A confidentiality questionnaire was handed to one of the supervisors, which was filled and returned and would be used as a point of reference in the results. Using anthropometric method of ergonomic risk assessment, measurement of the work station would be taken using a measuring tape and pictures snapped for further evidence of the work station for ergonomics assessment. Ergonomics assessment on the work station would be done on the basis of the task carried out. The task carried ou t in the Help Desk in the LRC involves helping students use the computer systems to locate books in the library and helping to arrange books in shelves. For this reason, there is the need to alternate between sitting down and standing. Below is a chart that shows a plan on how the work would be carried out. Observation Hazard Identification Ergonomics Assessment Evaluation Risk Validation Control and monitor Review Chart 1: Flow Plan on the methodology of the ergonomic assessment. 4.0 RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATION The particular work station selected for this ergonomics was carefully observed for the different task carried out to see if there is any problem associated with the work place. Anthropometric technique was used to carry out this work by getting measurements of the work place. 4.1 OBSERVATION: The help desk offered assistance in carrying out this work after permission was granted by the Manager of the LRC. Looking carefully at the way work was done and asking questions from the staff being monitored were put into consideration, also photographs were taken to also get a clear picture of how the employee carries out the task. Fig 1: A Staff carrying out her duties on a Visual Display Unit. 4.2 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION: hazard identification was obtained mainly by asking questions from the employee on the work station, making use of a questionnaire and viewing the work station for possible activities that may cause health disorder(s) and affect the employee. Health and Safety at Work (HASAW) Act 1974 demands that the employer should make sure that employers carry out a risk assessment in the work environment to ensure safety of staffs. See result in table 1 below. Table 1: Hazard Identification on the help desk. Hazard Hazard aspect Impact/ Effect Posture Stooped posture (resulting from fatigue and long hours of working) Stiffness of the back, neck, and wrist from working too long on the Visual Display Unit Variety of health problems, like caved shoulders, muscular imbalances, rounding of the upper back and a tendency to lean forward while walking. Incidence of lower back disorders. Movement Twisting of the waist, neck, stretching the hand and holding in that position for a long time (straining muscles in the hand) Pain and strain on neck muscles and waist. Stress on muscles of the arms while stretching causes fatigue of the arm muscle. Visual Display Unit (VDU), keyboard and mouse. Fixed position of the neck when staring at the VDU, and stress on fingers from too much typing, twisting and flexing of the wrist when handling the mouse. Makes the employee aware of some eye defects that he/she was not aware of. Straining of the arms to reach the mouse and twisting of the wrist to get to the keyboard and grabbing the mouse. 4.3 ERGONOMIC ASSESSMENT: Ergonomics assessment on the work station showed that the design of the station has a moderate score as it accommodates the employee and has a low risk level. Below is a table of the total ergonomic risk factor and how it was derived. Table 2: Ergonomic Work Position Evaluation. Assessed by: Igho Date:14/12/2010 Ergonomic Evaluation Risk Factor Static Points Comments/Action Work Positions (Sitting) 0 pts 2 pts 4 pts √ if 20 secs + X 3 if static Neck (Flexion) bending head forward √ √ 6 Moderate Shoulders (Raising elbows) √ √ 6 Moderate Wrists/Hands √ √ 6 Moderate Back (flexion) bending forward at the hips √ √ 12 High Hiking Shoulders √ √ 0 Low Twisting (incorrectly with feet stationary) √ √ 0 Low Table 3: Task factor Evaluation Task Factors Points Awarded Muscle force Low √ Moderate High 0 Vibration Low √ Moderate High 0 Lighting Good √ Fair Poor 0 Workplace Temperature Comfortable √ Warm/Cool Hot/Cold 0 Table 4: Risk Factor total on the work station. Risk Factor total Risk Factor Points Total Comments/Action 0 pts 2 pts 4pts Work Positions 0 7 8 15 16 pts+ = 4 High (8-12) Task factors 0 8 9 15 16 pts+ = 0 = 4 Moderate (4 7) Lifting 0 7 8 13 14 pts+ = 0 Low (0 3) Table 5: Key Descriptor Scale Descriptor Consequence Control 0-3 LOW Little or no complaints of muscle aches and pains Taking of short time breaks 4-7 MODERATE Stress and fatigue on muscles which is tolerable Selection of an employee to monitor how tasks are being carried out 8-12 HIGH Work Musculoskeletal disorder, static load on muscles leads to painful fatigue on muscles Reduction of work that can cause musculoskeletal disorder and training of staffs to become more aware of ergonomic risk factors related to musculoskeletal disorders. Below is a sketch on the work station used in the LRC, measured in cm. 48cm 24cm 96cm 48cm 72cm Floor Fig 1: Sketch and measurement of the work station. The sketch above can be compared to the British standard dimension to know if the measured work station meets up with the standard. Table 6: Work place measurement compared with British Standard Dimension Measured Work Station British Standard Dimension (5th 95th Percentile (mixed Population 19 65 yrs) Popliteal height 48cm 44cm Thigh Clearance 23cm Table Height (Popliteal height + Sitting Elbow height) 72cm 68.5cm Sitting Shoulder Height Position 57cm 59cm Back rest 48cm RISK VALIDATION Based on the production of a well ergonomically equipped work station, a good control and review of the work station, and everything put in order, information and training of employees there may still be a problem that can pose as a threat to the work place. This can be seen in workers habit; sitting forward on the chair, sitting in the middle of the chair, leaning on arm rest and back rest, arms resting on the table are some examples of employees habit, and this can result in intervertebral disc injuries and back problems as the muscles of the back are easily stressed. CONTROL AND MONITORING To control occupational health and safety risks, improvement of performance and benefits in work places in order to eliminate or minimize risk to employees and other interested parties exposed to risks associated with its activities, it is necessary to implement, maintain and continually improve occupational health and safety in the work place. The following can be used to control and monitor on-going activities and tasks in the work place; Avoid Unnatural Posture: bending the trunk/head sideways is more harmful than bending forward The working area should be located so that it is at the best distance from the eyes of the operator. Hand grip, materials and tools should be arranged in such a way that the most frequent movements are carried out with the elbows bent and near to the body. Manipulations can be made easier by using supports under the elbows, forearms or hands. Padded/soft warm materials that can be adjustable to suite people of different sizes. It is essential that the workplace should be suited to the body size and mobility of the operator/employee, since neutral/natural postures and movements are a necessary part of efficient work. Neck and head posture: head and neck should not be bent forward by more than thirty degrees when the trunk is erect, else fatigue and troubles may occur. 4.6 REVIEW Having seen that ergonomically, the work station is tolerable, and staffs have been informed on how to position themselves whilst working, there is need to review work practice every three months to ensure and enforce that the mode of working is still in place to avoid injuries that may have built up with time. 4.7 RECOMMENDATION After measuring the work station and comparing with the British standard measurement, it is recommended that the chair (adjustable) should be adjusted to fit the user so as to get the comfortability needed in order not to stress and strain muscles in the back and feet. The mouse and Visual display unit should be ergonomically put in place to the comfort of the operator, to reduce tension and strain to the eyes, hands and wrist ERGONOMICS POLICY AND CONCLUSION 5.1 ERGONOMICS POLICY: The purpose of this policy is to endeavour staffs to adhere to guidelines in the work place with the aim of ensuring a safe working environment as well as to bring health hazard to a minimum. It is the managements responsibility to carry out duties under the Health and Safety at work Act 1974 and other legislation including amendments to ensure safe working practices and work environment. For this reason, the help desk shall abide to the following guidelines; Ergonomics efforts shall be embedded, maintained and preserved on the help desk in Learning Resource Centre (LRC) to ensure a safe and healthy work place environment for employees. Cooperation of work force in making sure that ergonomic improvement is realised. (Joint effort of managers, supervisors, employees and other supporting staffs) Designation of post to a responsible employee to check that workers are well positioned, to prevent Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders in the work station. Training of staffs to be more aware of ergonomic risk factors related to Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders. Informing staffs about ergonomics and its risk factors can help to reduce cost of treatment of Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders, as the budgeted cost can be used as employees benefits. This policy would be implemented and reviewed three times a year to ensure that the health conditions of the employees are in order, to reduce money spent on treating employees for work related musculoskeletal disorders. This policy would be handed to each staff through information and trainings and in written form. 5.2 CONCLUSION After a thorough ergonomic examination of the help desk in the LRC, and assessing the working environment, proper ergonomics evaluation was done and control measures put in Place as well as a policy for the safety and health of the employees so as to reduce chances of the risk of having a staff complain about a work related musculoskeletal disorder. Control measures used after ergonomic assessment and risk validation was carried out is to help in reducing the chances of getting a work related musculoskeletal disorder and cost of treatment from injuries sustained (if any at all, considering the tolerable amount derived from the evaluation and chances of any injury sustained, this is as a result of proper training of the staffs).

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Civil War Essay Before 1861, no one in the USA ever imagined that their country would be torn apart by a savage civil war that would cost over 620,000 lives and shake the foundations of our government to the roots. The American Civil War had many causes, famous battles, influential figures, and outcomes. As of the 1850s the Mason-Dixon Line separated the North from the South, even as Lincoln and the rest of the government tried to keep the country together. Their best efforts failed, and America was thrust into a bloody civil war. The Civil War really began, though, in peoples' minds, as the most important causes all began...with a debate. Slavery was one of the factors that played a key role in the causes of the Civil War. The Missouri Compromise was a debate began as to whether Maine and Missouri would enter the Union as free or slave states. To be fair to the rule of the Mason-Dixon Line, Maine was admitted as a free state, and Missouri, even though it was also in the north, would enter as a slave state. The Compromise of 1850 dealt with whether California, Utah, and New Mexico would be slave or free. California was admitted as a free state, but since it made the ratio of slave to free states unequal, " it also stated that the territories of New Mexico and Utah would determine for themselves whether to become slave or free states."(Wise) The Kansas-Nebraska Act decided that any territory that became a state would have the right to vote on whether it would be slave or free, which made Northerners angry because it changed the terms of the Missouri Compromise. The constant flux of the issue of slavery grew during the years leading up to the war, as the Missouri Compromise, the Compromise of 1859, and the Kansas-Nebraska act con... ...t a few days after the end of the war, and Lee's surrender marked the end of the Civil War and slavery. Each of these outcomes had a significant effect over the years to come in American history. The American Civil war's causes, influential figures, bloody battles, and outcomes will and have left a mark on history forever. It shaped America's future and redefined the phrase "all men are created equal" as well as being a precursor for the Civil Rights Movement a century later. The Civil War made all people consider their Nation's stability and woke them up to the reality of civil war that would repeat in other countries again and again. America came out of it a battered and bruised yet stronger still country, and to this day it strives to maintain this caliber of honor and strength. It seems the saying,"no pain, no gain," has been made manifest in American history.

Why did the Tamburlaine plays have such extraordinary appeal for sixteenth-century audiences?

The Tamburlaine plays are two works written by Christopher Marlowe. In this essay I will discuss why the plays were so appealing to audiences in Marlowe's time and whether they are still as appealing to a modern audience and why. The character of Tamburlaine can be compared to some historical characters the most accurate being Timur the Lame, a historical ruler over most of central Asia. Richard Wilson compares him to Tsar Ivan IV, commonly known as Ivan the Terrible, the 16th Century Emperor of Russia, whose tyrannical rule, may well be replayed in Tamburlaine. (pp.51, R. Wilson, 1996.) The first of the two Tamburlaine plays was performed in 1587, following Marlowe's graduation from Cambridge. The second was most probably written and performed later following the success of Tamburlaine Part 1 in the theatres. Some critics however believe that the two plays were written and performed together; ‘in November 1587†¦Philip Gawdy describes how in a piece recently presented by the Lord Admirals Men an actor, called onto fire a gun at one of his fellows tied to a stake, missed his aim killing a pregnant woman, a child and maiming others. This has often been taken to refer to Tamburlaine's execution of the governor of Babylon in the final act of Part II, but the assumption cannot be verified.' (pp. 69, V. Thomas and W. Tydeman, 1994) Also ‘in 1588 Robert Greene†¦could allude to Marlowe ‘daring God out of heaven with the Atheist Tamburlan', a far less ambiguous reference to the scene in which Tamburlaine†¦orders the destruction of the Koran and defiantly daring Mahomet to come down and punish his impiety.' (pp. 69, V. Thomas and W. Tydeman, 1994) Conversely it may be possible that in the eyes of a 16th Century audience, Tamburlaine's actions would not be considered heretical because the Elizabethans knew Tamburlaine to be an infidel and would be not see the Qu'ran as a Holy book compared to their own Bible. Had he burned the Bible the case would have been very different. The issues of holy texts were hotly debated during this time as in each English church there had now been placed a new English language bible, which was in many parishes regarded as an alien book. The emphasis on holy text would have resonance for an Elizabethan audience having suffered over the last 40 years the changes between English and Latin Bibles and the Catholic and Protestant religion. Tamburlaine often refers to God as Jove, the Roman divine ruler, but only when he is expressly defying God. ‘Tamburlaine: The God of war resigns me to his room, Meaning to make me general of the world; Jove viewing me in arms looks pale and wan, Fearing my power should pull him from his throne.' (Act V, scene ii, line 388.) This quote shows Tamburlaine referring to God as Jove while believing he has the power to overthrow god, he says God fears him. This could show a certain awareness of the heretical nature of his deeds. He would rather refer to a God that he does not believe in than use the one he does. A part of him does fear God but Tamburlaine does not want to recognise it. To show fear is weakness. Weakness is not acceptable in a man in Tamburlaine's position of power and his self-importance. Tamburlaine although essentially Muslim, seems to be indecisive in his religious beliefs. In the first play he refers extensively to the way of Mohammed or Mahomet as he is called in the text, then nearing the end of the second play he denounces him as ‘not worthy of being worshipped' and burns the Qu'ran. This act which would cause uproar today especially to British Muslims, if not Muslims of all nationalities, would not have had the same effect on a sixteenth-century audience, in 1587 there were few i f any British Muslims, they were thought of and referred to as infidels, ungodly and wicked. A recent production of Tamburlaine at the Barbican in London in 2005, directed and adapted by David Farr, censored this part of the text in order to not incite religious reprisals, ‘key references' to Mohammed were also cut from the play especially from the book burning scene; ‘Simon Reade, artistic director of the Bristol Old Vic, said that if they had not altered the original it â€Å"would have unnecessarily raised the hackles of a significant proportion of one of the world's great religions†. The burning of the Koran was â€Å"smoothed over†, he said, so that it became just the destruction of â€Å"a load of books† relating to any culture or religion. That made it more powerful, they claimed.' (D. Alberge, 2005) In my opinion the final sentence of this quote is inappropriate because I feel that the burning of the Qu'ran is an incredibly important part of the play, without it being the Qu'ran it completely changes what the scene means and how controversial it would be to modern audience. The Qu'ran is a holy text, burning just ‘a load of books' renders the scene completely unnecessary and irrelevant to the play and takes Tamburlaine's death, completely out of context, if indeed his death is an act of God, for him burning the Qu'ran, as many interpretations claim. Terry Hands the director of Tamburlaine by the Royal Shakespeare Company in 1992 and Charles Nicholl, the author of The Reckoning: The Murder of Christopher Marlowe, opposed this censoring as did Inayat Bunglawala, the media secretary of the Muslim Council of Britain, who said ‘In the context of a fictional play, I don't think it will have offended many people.' Britain was a wholly and strongly Christian nation in 1587; no one would oppose the destruction of a book of another holy order, which they believed to be blasphemous. Violence and the disorder of war was part of contemporary Elizabethan England. Public execution and punishment in gruesome manners was a form of entertainment at the time of the Tamburlaine plays. As was making an example of those executed, as Tamburlaine's victims are hung on the city walls, many beheaded criminals had their head displayed on spikes to warn others. Many plays performed at this time used war or famous historic heroes of war as a basis for their storylines and often had what is to a modern eye grotesque and appalling episodes of violence. This is shown in Shakespeare's Titus Andronicus (1584), without doubt his most bloody play. ‘Marlowe achieved far greater fame and popularity than Shakespeare at the same point in their theatrical careers (both born 1564).' (pp.95, C. Breight, 1996) With the exception of Titus Andronicus Shakespeare did not really come into his own until the early 1590's and was not recognised as great playwright until his later life, whereas Marlowe was celebrated through his early life before he died at the age of 29. Marlowe was genius and his work was well known and widely performed by the time of his death. The language in much of Shakespearean text is very elaborate and although a sixteenth-century audience may have been able to understand it better than a modern audience, Marlowe's language is much more direct. This gives much more impact and ‘says what it means' leaving the dramatic potential for the delivery. ‘Tamburlaine: Your fearful minds are thick and misty then, For there sits Death, there sits imperious Death, Keeping his circuit buy the slicing edge. But I am glad you shall not see him there. He now is seated on my horsemen's spears, And on their points his fleshless body feeds, Techelles, straight go charge a few of them To charge these dames, and show my servant Death Sitting in scarlet on their armà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½d spears.' (Act V, scene ii, line 47) This quote shows how Marlowe uses a straightforward and more direct form of language than Shakespeare's and this is and was part of his appeal to contemporary and modern audiences. The aggressive and ego-centric speech is impossible to perform in a retiring and introverted manner and the stage presence of the actor is larger than life. In accordance with modern audiences, sixteenth-century audiences loved a character that they can hate, Tamburlaine can be compared to more modern comedic characters such as Flashheart in Blackadder and Jafar in Disney's Aladdin. These words and others in the play need to be performed to understand the full effect of what Tamburlaine is saying. He is teasing the virgins, he is making a joke out of the fact that they begged for mercy and he is still going to kill them. This ruthless and cruel nature is what makes Tamburlaine the man he is, it makes him such a loathsome character. Despite being a dislikeable character Tamburlaine is also a very passionate character, his determination and victory in all his conquests, his love for Zenocrate, his mercy shown in sparing her father after conquering Egypt almost make him a worthy role model for the 16th century man. ‘Audiences were not necessarily intended to understand Tamburlaine; such was his shock value and his capacity to break through the very fabric of society with his ceaseless conquests and unquenchable thirst for power. (novelguide.com, 2009)' This quote describes Tamburlaine as shocking character which he is; he is designed to shock and inspire an audience, his inspiration may not be as noticeable today in a less barbaric and more modern way of life, but to a 16th Century audience it would have been obvious, Tamburlaine's enthusiasm for war was what England at the time wanted from its people for the impending war with Spain. He is a ruthless, power hungry, slaughterer who does not give the audience a chance to see how he would cope with defeat. Defeat is not an option for Tamburlaine, just as defeat was not an option for Queen Elizabeth I when she launched the fire ships against the Spanish Armada just a year later in 1588. Tamburlaine shows determination but it also shows him going too far, he forgets that he's mortal and he is still down here on the ground. He is still subject to God, although he heretically believes himself to be more powerful. All Elizabethans knew that a strong sometimes even aggressive leader was essential for their safety in the 16th Century. Their experiences in the reigns of Edward VI and Mary Tudor both weaker monarchs in their capacities of leadership and war must have been unsettling and remembered by theatre goers. Strong dynamic leaders such as Henry VIII and the later Elizabeth I gave a sense of peace and safety to at least part of the nation although there were still dissidents. The appeal of Tamburlaine as play could be partly because people could discuss him and his activities without fear of being thought treasonable. His strength as leader would have been commendable. ‘A Prince ought to have no other aim or thought, nor select anything else for his study, than war and its rules and discipline; for this is the sole art that belongs to him who rules, and it is of such force that it not only upholds those who are born princes, but it often enables men to rise from a private station to that rank.' This quote from Machiavelli's The Prince was a European view on how a prince or other leader should be, it states how a person of a lower status can raise himself up from private to Prince as Tamburlaine has done from shepherd to King. It states that a prince's sole study should be the art of war in his role as protector. Tamburlaine is a strong leader, his subjects are safe from any surrounding forces as shown in the way that Tamburlaine has fought off two advances from Callapine, the son of Bajazeth the former Turkish ruler whom Tamburlaine tortured and humiliated. His knowledge and performance in war is unmatchable. In conclusion the Tamburlaine plays would have appealed to a 16th century audience for a number of reasons. Mainly for the various ways in which the character of Tamburlaine presents himself, as villain but also as an inspiration, as a man who has become drunk with power, but also a strong leader who knows what he is doing on the battlefield. Tamburlaine's self contradictions are endless. A 16th Century audience would have enjoyed the build up to ultimate power then the anti-climatic downfall of their ‘hero'!

University of Cincinnati Villinova Online MBA Programs With no GMAT Essays

University of Cincinnati Villinova Online MBA Programs With no GMAT Essays University of Cincinnati Villinova Online MBA Programs With no GMAT Essay University of Cincinnati Villinova Online MBA Programs With no GMAT Essay University of Cincinnati  Online MBA Program no GMAT  is a very  well known public exploration and research institution, the University of Cincinnati encompasses four very large campuses in Cincinnati, Ohio  totaling 473 acres in all. With its roots tracing all the way back to 1819, the University of Cincinnati has produced quite a few major contributions to our sciences and society, including the life saving oral Polio vaccine, the first electronic organ the first antihistamine, and the founding of cooperative online education. With more than 30,000 students, the University of Cincinnati has grown to become one of the countries largest and most comprehensive academic universities as well as the largest employer in the Cincinnati area. Click the Banner below for the Official: University of Cincinnati Online MBA Program no GMAT Nova University  Online MBA Program no GMAT  was founded in the late 18oos. Nova University is one of the oldest and the biggest Catholic universities in Pennsylvania and through the years, Villanova has become recognized as the leading expert in online and offline professional education, with many thousands of online students that also include professionals from many Fortune  five hundred  companies. Villanova University offers you a wide variety of very dynamic yet one hundred percent online programs including our Human Resource Master’s Degree designed specifically with you and your busy life in mind. From our project management program to the leadership, to HR, Villanova’s programs are designed specifically to help you gain industry leading certifications that will enhance your education and your career. Click the Banner below for the Official:   Villanova University Online MBA Program no GMAT

Juche essays

Juche essays Comrade Kim Il Sung was a member of the Presidium of the Political Bureau, Secretary of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party, and a member of the Party Central Military Commission. He had created the Juche (defined as self-reliance) idea in the 1950s for the purpose of cutting off Soviet Union influence, and a way purge political opponents (The People's Korea). He emphasized that it was "the idea that the masters of the revolution are the most popular masses and that the masses are the motive force of the revolution" (Hookon, 95). In other words, it was the idea that one is the master of his/her own destiny. At that time, the "de-Stalinization" movements were occurring in the Soviet Union after the death of Stalin, who had helped Kim Il Sung achieve power. In addition, due to the failure of the Korean War, criticism against Kim Il Sung was also on the rise. He used the notion of Juche Ideology to support political campaigns "designed to prevent the influence of the "de-Stal inization" movement from infiltrating into North Korea," and to motivate the people to adapt the spirit of self-reliance in coping with the economic difficulties (Hun, 45). North Korea asserts that the Juche Ideology is a creative adaptation of Marxism-Leninism to the conditions of North Korean society. Juche embraces philosophical, socio-historical, and guiding principals: The philosophical principals explains that a man is the master of everything, of the world and his own destiny. He also decides everything, meaning that he plays a decisive role in changing the world and in shaping his own destiny. The socio-historical principal represents a new view of social history. It explains that the popular masses are the subject of social history. This history of human society is the history of the struggle to realize and defend the Chajusong (independence) of the popular masses (TMCCWPK). The socio-historical movement was a movement of the popul...

Evidence based- practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Evidence based- practice - Essay Example This is because it decreases uncertainties frequently experienced by patients and healthcare professionals in the contemporary complex healthcare system. RNs use proven techniques as well as interventions (evidence –based practices) in the delivery of patient care. The use of proven techniques and interventions is tested and confirmed and is based on the earlier research work and experiences with earlier patients (Mabbott 10). Therefore, the chances of recording failure in the use of evidence-based practice is close to minimal since the entire practice and processes had been proven to work in earlier experiments. Moreover, the use of evidence-based practice ensures improvement in patient outcomes thus better than the traditional practice. Since the use of evidence-based practice in the delivery of patient care is an already proven, its use helps in enhancing patient outcomes thereby ensuring success in patient treatment and handling (Mabbott 18). The RN can act as a facilitator of evidence-based nursing practice due to the vast knowledge and experience he or she gained from earlier research conducted on the techniques and interventions. Since the RN has gained critical skills and expertise and has knowledge on the values and preferences of patients, he or she can use the same in implementing evidence-based practice (Mabbott 21). This is possible since the RN understands the challenges experienced during the research process and, therefore, know ways of avoiding or reducing the challenges thereby ensuring success of the practice in healthcare systems. There are various the methods that can be used to overcome barriers to evidence-based practice. First, both the individuals and the systems need to make a commitment to advancing the evidenced based approach in addition to apportionment of resources required for the practice (Mabbott 25). Secondly, both basic as well as graduate nursing programs should commence teaching the value and

Business profile Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business profile - Essay Example Poffertjes are always sold in portions which can contain one or two dozens of them. These food products can be packed and sold in plastic plates, or cardboards, and are always accompanied by a disposable fork. It is possible to sale poffertjes when they are ready made; all that a customer needs to do is to microwave them. Poffertjes can be sold when they are ready made, and on this basis, they will always be accompanied by small portions of butter, and powdered sugar. Some business people can also produce poffertjes but serve it with milk and eggs. This type of poffertjes contains a leavening agent such as baking powder. Apart from butter and powdered sugar, poffertjes can also be served with strawberry and white whipped cream (Moor, 2012). Poffertjes can also be referred to as the Indonesian cuisine. This is because Indonesia has some very strong historical ties with the Netherlands. This is because Indonesia was a colony of Netherlands. Why the name Poffertjes: This term poffertjes first appeared in the 1700s, when the first recipe for the cuisine was developed. During this period, this cuisine was considered a poor man’s food, and was made from water, yeast and buckwheat flour. This is because buckwheat only grew in arid areas, and on most occasions, it is the poor people who resided in these areas (Moor, 2012). When producing it for domestic use, the product is baked on a cast iron pan. When producing it commercially, the product is baked on dimpled large copper plates. However, there are special materials developed to bake these products. These facilities are referred to as poffertjespan. For a chef to know if these products are actually baking, they usually produce a puff like sound, when they are being turned around (Moor, 2012). That is why they are called the poffertjes, derived from the puff like sound they produce while they are being prepared. Recipe: To produce this cuisine, the following are the requirements (Moor, 2012); 1 cup of warm milk . Three quarters of teaspoon dry yeast. 2 cups of buckwheat flour. Butter. Powdered sugar 2 eggs. Pinch salt. Method of Preparation: The first step is to sprinkle yeast on the warm milk, and thereafter setting it aside so that it should proof. When this milk product is ready, then the next step is to mix it with flour and eggs, slowly adding milk to it (Moor, 2012). During this process, it is important to stir it well, as this will ensure that there aren’t any lumps on the product. After this is done, then the next step is to cover the product, and leave it for about 45 minutes. This is for purposes of making it to rise. After the 45 minutes are over, then the chef has to heat the pan, and thereafter butter each dimple. The cook should use small portions of butter during this process (Moor, 2012). When bubbles begin appearing on the surface, and sides dry up, then they are ready to be served. How to sale the product in Dubai: Dubai is a cosmopolitan Arabian country, and as su ch, it hosts a variety of foreigners who came from Europe, Asia, America and Africa. Since this is a European delicacy, my target market will mostly center on the Europeans. However, I will also seek to sale this cuisine to the native people of Dubai. I believe, they will like the new experience. I intend to sale this cuisine as a ready made food product. This is because I will be operating a kiosk, and therefore it will be very expensive to hire cooks, who will be making it,